Post on 14-Apr-2018
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British Involvement in India
(18th-19th Centuries)
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British Presence in India: 18th century
Until 1750scoastal presence
During and after1750s gradual
military
dominance andterritorial
acquisitions
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The British East India Company
(EIC) Trade monopoly in Asia
(since 1600)*3,000 shareholders*Annual profits of 2million pounds
*Headquarters/directorsin London
India focal point of EICtrade raw cotton and
woven cotton cloth forimport
EIC settlementsBombay, Madras, andCalcutta
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EIC Trade in India
First part of the 18th century
Sophisticated
economy
Profitable for
Europeans no
military intervention
Security/stability
guaranteed by the
Mughals and nawabs
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Company TradeCompany Men Ambitious reps of the EIC
Relied on personal diplomatic skills and private armiesof sepoys to protect theirs and companys interests.
Sepoys Indian mercenary troops employed andtrained by Europeans.
http://www.economist.com/node/21542713
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British in Bengal
Bengal territory in NEIndia
British presenceCalcutta
1756 Nawab overrunsCalcutta
Robert Clive (companyman) and British/sepoytroops overthrow
Calcuttas nawab By 1765 the EIC rules
Bengal (granted by aweak Mughal Emperor)
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Robert Clive and Expansion of the
British Presence in India Robert Clive:
*Arrived to India in 1743 civil service for the EIC*Transferred to the military service of the EIC
*Lost election to the House of Commons in England
*Return to India in 1756 to take control of the British forces in Madras
*Won the Battle of Plassey (1757), securing British control over Bengal
Internal weakness and political fragmentation in India
Euro.interference in Indias politics / kingmakers!!!
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European Rivalries in India The British vs. The French (and the
Dutch)
Seven Years War (ends in1763)
Battle of Plassey (1757) British wincontrol of Bengal / decline of Frenchpresence in India
T it i l E i i I di d f
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Territorial Expansion in India end of
the 18th century
British govt and EIC
directors against
Company involved
in local politics/wars
Annexes, adds
territories
Economic pressures /transformation
B i i h f I di
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British government of Indian
territories (The British Raj) Largely done by the natives (indirect control and administration)
Policies of westernization, Anglicization, and modernization
- tax/property reforms, Christian missionaries,
Support of local traditions
End of the centuryIndia must be saved from
backwardness(education, religion, technology, economy,superstition, etc.)
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British presence in India 19th
century (The British Raj) Before 1857
Combinationof reforms
and supportfor traditions
After 1857
Direct controlandconservatism!
B f 1857
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Before 1857:
Mixture of New and Old Civilizing India included fostering a class of
persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English intaste, in opinions in morals and in intellect.(Thomas Macaulay, 1835)
British presence strongest in urban areas
At the same time, the authority of Brahmins andcaste separation grew stronger.
C f S
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Causes of 1857 Sepoy Uprising
(Mutiny British perspective)
Long term causes:*Policies of Westernization(especially under the Marquessof Dalhousie, GovernorGeneral in 1840s)
- Doctrine of Lapse +exclusion of high rankingIndians from civil and militaryoffices
- Perceived threat fromChristianity (attack on tradition
sati, child marriage,infanticide, permission forwidows to remarry)
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Territorial Expansion under Lord Dalhousie
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Sepoy Rebellion Long Term
Causes cont. Economic causes:
- Enforcement of Sale Laws
- Increase in taxes / limitedinvestment opportunities
- British export and importpolicies (manufacturedgoods undermine Indiancotton industry)
- Economic expansion(roads, canals, telegraph) atthe expense of temples andshrines
f C (
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Importance of Indian Cotton (raw
material) to the British
Cotton exportsfrom India
http://www.economist.com/node/21542713
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Sepoy Rebellion causes cont.
Military causes:
(immediate causes)- The General Services
Enlistment Act (1856)
- Challenges to Sepoy
privileges (recruitmentfrom various ethnicgroups: Sikhs,Gurkhas, etc.)
- Breech loaded Lee-
Enfield rifle (cartridgesgreased with animalfat)immediate cause
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The Sepoy Rebellion May, 1857 July, 1858*
Massacres/atrocitiescommitted by each side
Rebel leaders: NanaSahib and Bahkt Khan
Last Mughal ruler:Bahadur Shahinstalled by the rebelsas ruler in Delhi duringthe rebellion
British forces and sepoytroops loyal to them putdown the rebellion.
Bahadur Shah
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What were the results of the uprising? Mughal rule/dynasty
officially ends The Government of India Act
of 1858 (transfer of powerfrom the EIC to the Crown)
Queen Victoria declared theQueen of India (Secretary ofState for India (London)Viceroy (governor-general) in
India. British policy: conservatism
and emphasis on traditions
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The Colonial (Imperial Stage) British policies in India:
*Doctrine of Lapse suppressed
*The Viceroys council includedIndians
*Indian rajas treaties and Indianpeoples traditions, customs, andreligions were to be respected(less support for Christianmissionaries)
*Taxation system reformed(emphasis on export of Indian rawmaterials)
Military recruitment from martialraces loyal to the British duringthe Sepoy rebellion
Durbars
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Durbars
Elaborate ceremonies/parades designed
to legitimize and celebrate political power
of the British rule and native Indian elites.
Social and economic changes in
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Social and economic changes in
India 19th century British investment in infrastructure /
public works (railroads, canals,harbors, etc.)
Indias main exports cash crops(cotton, opium, tea, silk)
Implementation of western styletechnologies, laws, and education
Rise of Indias urban elites (mergingof Western education and Indiancultural heritage)
Greater mobility of population
(+) - emergence of common nationalidentity (Pan-Indian)
(-)spread of diseases (ex: kala
mari)
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The Indian Civil Service (ICS) The ICSElite government officials/bureaucrats who administered
British India after 1858.
Composition of the ICS:*~1,000 officialschosen by merit / British menadvantages inrecruitmentbased on racist attitudes
*18701 Indian member
*188757 Indian members
*19145% Indian members
*1947 - 597 Indians and 588 British
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Development of Indian Nationalism The Sepoy Rebellion - ?
Economic development =Pan-Indian identity
Early leaders Westerneducated elites / middle
class (ex: RammohunRoy)
Indian National Congress(1885) early demands
focused on economicopportunities and socialchanges within theBritish Raj.
W k Cit d
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Work Cited: http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/images/gallery/british_east_india_company.jpg
http://the-diplomat.com/sport-culture/files/2012/01/East-India-Company.jpg
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%20A%20Procession_thumb%5B2%5D.jpg
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http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/willow/history-of-the-united-kingdom1.gif
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http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/images/India-rail-lines-map.jpg
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http://s3.hubimg.com/u/150662_f496.jpg
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