1112.Ch.25.BritishInvolvementinIndia

7/29/2019 1112.Ch.25.BritishInvolvementinIndia

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British Involvement in India

(18th-19th Centuries)


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British Presence in India: 18th century

Until 1750scoastal presence

During and after1750s gradual

military

dominance andterritorial

acquisitions


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The British East India Company

(EIC) Trade monopoly in Asia

(since 1600)*3,000 shareholders*Annual profits of 2million pounds

*Headquarters/directorsin London

India focal point of EICtrade raw cotton and

woven cotton cloth forimport

EIC settlementsBombay, Madras, andCalcutta


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EIC Trade in India

First part of the 18th century

Sophisticated

economy

Profitable for

Europeans no

military intervention

Security/stability

guaranteed by the

Mughals and nawabs


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Company TradeCompany Men Ambitious reps of the EIC

Relied on personal diplomatic skills and private armiesof sepoys to protect theirs and companys interests.

Sepoys Indian mercenary troops employed andtrained by Europeans.

http://www.economist.com/node/21542713


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British in Bengal

Bengal territory in NEIndia

British presenceCalcutta

1756 Nawab overrunsCalcutta

Robert Clive (companyman) and British/sepoytroops overthrow

Calcuttas nawab By 1765 the EIC rules

Bengal (granted by aweak Mughal Emperor)


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Robert Clive and Expansion of the

British Presence in India Robert Clive:

*Arrived to India in 1743 civil service for the EIC*Transferred to the military service of the EIC

*Lost election to the House of Commons in England

*Return to India in 1756 to take control of the British forces in Madras

*Won the Battle of Plassey (1757), securing British control over Bengal

Internal weakness and political fragmentation in India

Euro.interference in Indias politics / kingmakers!!!


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European Rivalries in India The British vs. The French (and the

Dutch)

Seven Years War (ends in1763)

Battle of Plassey (1757) British wincontrol of Bengal / decline of Frenchpresence in India

T it i l E i i I di d f


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Territorial Expansion in India end of

the 18th century

British govt and EIC

directors against

Company involved

in local politics/wars

Annexes, adds

territories

Economic pressures /transformation

B i i h f I di


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British government of Indian

territories (The British Raj) Largely done by the natives (indirect control and administration)

Policies of westernization, Anglicization, and modernization

- tax/property reforms, Christian missionaries,

Support of local traditions

End of the centuryIndia must be saved from

backwardness(education, religion, technology, economy,superstition, etc.)


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British presence in India 19th

century (The British Raj) Before 1857

Combinationof reforms

and supportfor traditions

After 1857

Direct controlandconservatism!

B f 1857


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Before 1857:

Mixture of New and Old Civilizing India included fostering a class of

persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English intaste, in opinions in morals and in intellect.(Thomas Macaulay, 1835)

British presence strongest in urban areas

At the same time, the authority of Brahmins andcaste separation grew stronger.

C f S


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Causes of 1857 Sepoy Uprising

(Mutiny British perspective)

Long term causes:*Policies of Westernization(especially under the Marquessof Dalhousie, GovernorGeneral in 1840s)

- Doctrine of Lapse +exclusion of high rankingIndians from civil and militaryoffices

- Perceived threat fromChristianity (attack on tradition

sati, child marriage,infanticide, permission forwidows to remarry)


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Territorial Expansion under Lord Dalhousie


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Sepoy Rebellion Long Term

Causes cont. Economic causes:

- Enforcement of Sale Laws

- Increase in taxes / limitedinvestment opportunities

- British export and importpolicies (manufacturedgoods undermine Indiancotton industry)

- Economic expansion(roads, canals, telegraph) atthe expense of temples andshrines

f C (


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Importance of Indian Cotton (raw

material) to the British

Cotton exportsfrom India

http://www.economist.com/node/21542713


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Sepoy Rebellion causes cont.

Military causes:

(immediate causes)- The General Services

Enlistment Act (1856)

- Challenges to Sepoy

privileges (recruitmentfrom various ethnicgroups: Sikhs,Gurkhas, etc.)

- Breech loaded Lee-

Enfield rifle (cartridgesgreased with animalfat)immediate cause


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The Sepoy Rebellion May, 1857 July, 1858*

Massacres/atrocitiescommitted by each side

Rebel leaders: NanaSahib and Bahkt Khan

Last Mughal ruler:Bahadur Shahinstalled by the rebelsas ruler in Delhi duringthe rebellion

British forces and sepoytroops loyal to them putdown the rebellion.

Bahadur Shah


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What were the results of the uprising? Mughal rule/dynasty

officially ends The Government of India Act

of 1858 (transfer of powerfrom the EIC to the Crown)

Queen Victoria declared theQueen of India (Secretary ofState for India (London)Viceroy (governor-general) in

India. British policy: conservatism

and emphasis on traditions


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The Colonial (Imperial Stage) British policies in India:

*Doctrine of Lapse suppressed

*The Viceroys council includedIndians

*Indian rajas treaties and Indianpeoples traditions, customs, andreligions were to be respected(less support for Christianmissionaries)

*Taxation system reformed(emphasis on export of Indian rawmaterials)

Military recruitment from martialraces loyal to the British duringthe Sepoy rebellion

Durbars


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Durbars

Elaborate ceremonies/parades designed

to legitimize and celebrate political power

of the British rule and native Indian elites.

Social and economic changes in


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Social and economic changes in

India 19th century British investment in infrastructure /

public works (railroads, canals,harbors, etc.)

Indias main exports cash crops(cotton, opium, tea, silk)

Implementation of western styletechnologies, laws, and education

Rise of Indias urban elites (mergingof Western education and Indiancultural heritage)

Greater mobility of population

(+) - emergence of common nationalidentity (Pan-Indian)

(-)spread of diseases (ex: kala

mari)


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The Indian Civil Service (ICS) The ICSElite government officials/bureaucrats who administered

British India after 1858.

Composition of the ICS:*~1,000 officialschosen by merit / British menadvantages inrecruitmentbased on racist attitudes

*18701 Indian member

*188757 Indian members

*19145% Indian members

*1947 - 597 Indians and 588 British


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Development of Indian Nationalism The Sepoy Rebellion - ?

Economic development =Pan-Indian identity

Early leaders Westerneducated elites / middle

class (ex: RammohunRoy)

Indian National Congress(1885) early demands

focused on economicopportunities and socialchanges within theBritish Raj.

W k Cit d


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Work Cited: http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/images/gallery/british_east_india_company.jpg

http://the-diplomat.com/sport-culture/files/2012/01/East-India-Company.jpg

http://lh3.ggpht.com/_VqdNmb7Wc_I/Sy149pQvpwI/AAAAAAAAC_0/s6kT4cOCt-Y/Delhi%20Durbar%201903%20-

%20A%20Procession_thumb%5B2%5D.jpg

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0420/5ad90e067f2f3/5ad90e17a5103.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_settlements_in_India_1501-1739.png

http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/willow/history-of-the-united-kingdom1.gif

http://www.lessing-photo.com/search.asp?a=A&ac=20202020867F&an=Penny%2CEdward&p=1

http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/53/5394/2WNJG00Z/posters/severino-baraldi-the-battle-of-plassey-june-1757.jpg

http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/eastindia.html

http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/images/India-rail-lines-map.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Shuja-ud-Daula_Tilly_Kettle_1772.jpg/220px-Shuja-ud-Daula_Tilly_Kettle_1772.jpg

http://s3.hubimg.com/u/150662_f496.jpg

http://criticalspatialpractice.blogspot.com/2006/02/platform.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/britain_empire_01.shtml

http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/b67c1a8c0ea6adecf1914789a3054ce8_1M.png

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-oTvrNzN358/TTxZmFaZuzI/AAAAAAAAA0o/GnaxfcGcUrc/s1600/harvesting_souls_of_india.jpg

http://chestofbooks.com/food/household/Woman-Encyclopaedia-2/Our-Fellow-Women-In-Foreign-Lands-No-3-The-Educational-Work-Of-The-

Church-Of.html

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/incountry/incountry.html

http://indiasfirstwarofindependance1857.blogspot.com/2010/05/mounted-rebel-sepoys-charging-through.html

http://www.exoticindiaart.com/paintings/HY07http://www.wou.edu/las/socsci/kimjensen/paper1.htm

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bahadur_Shah_II.jpg/230px-Bahadur_Shah_II.jpg

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0420/5ad90e067f2f3/5ad90e19b9869.jpg

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dM8sowSPGRA/SUfOYS8MwDI/AAAAAAAAC64/USvW-9MHwIc/s400/px3d2.jpg

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0420/5ad90e067f2f3/5ad90e1a2fe6d.jpg

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7460682.stm

http://www.oldindianphotos.in/2011/04/bombay-mumbai-cotton-market-albumen.html

http://peopleofindia1868-1875photos.blogspot.com/2011/11/images-of-british-india.html
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1112.Ch.25.BritishInvolvementinIndia

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