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Transcript of A: Ch.19, section 2 H: Ch.25 Image from: .
A: Ch.19, section 2H: Ch.25
Microbiology
Image from: http://evans.amedd.army.mil/lab/micro.htm
Part 1:
Viruses
Essential Question:
How do viruses
differ from
bacteria?
• A nonliving particle that needs a host cell to survive
A. Definition
Images from: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1024; http://www.digitalhen.co.uk/news/health-14328300; http://www.ght.org.uk/news/category/non-progressors
Bacteriophage
Hepatitis
HIV
Made of 2 important things: 1. Contains
either DNA or RNA 2. surrounded by a
protein coat known as a CAPSID
Video clip 1 + 2
B. Structure
1. Lytic Cycle--virus IMMEDIATELY makes more viruses and destroys the host cell
C. Replication
2. Lysogenic cycle --These viruses can hide in host until signaled to replicate
C. Replication (cont)
Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html
Lytic Cycle viruses
Lysogenic Cycle viruses
Video clip 3
Thus, Not all viruses replicate immediately.
D. Examples of Viruses
Images from: http://bacvirpara.blogspot.com/2011/07/varicella-zoster-virus-chicken-pox.html http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/ http://www.doctortipster.com/6952-dutch-researcher-created-a-super-influenza-virus-with-the-potential-to-kill-millions.html;
Chicken pox Influenza
Rabies
1. Bacteriophage
D. Examples of Viruses (cont)
•a VIRUS that attacks bacteria •Have a protein "tail" attached that is used to infect the host bacteria.
Click on image
2. Tobacco Mosaic Virus
D. Examples of Viruses (cont)
= example of a plant virus
Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html
3. Ebola
D. Examples of Viruses (cont)
= example of an animal virus
Image from: http://giantelectric.blogspot.com/2011/10/5-of-most-horrifying-things-ive-ever.html; http://www.betterworldbooks.com/the-hot-zone-id-0385479565.aspx
4. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
D. Examples of Viruses (cont)
• This virus can lead to AIDS
• Is an example of a retrovirusContains RNA and reverse transcriptase
Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/hivvirus.html; http://scienceline.org/2007/07/scientists-moser-hiv-epidemiologist/
Video clip HIV and AIDS
5. Influenza Virus
D. Examples of Viruses (cont)
• RNA containing virus
• Mutates rapidly
Image from: http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/; http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/influenzavirus.html; Video clip 4 + 5
Click on image
Magnification: approximately x70,000
E. Location of Infection
• Viral infections usually involve several parts of the body
• Examples:Cold and flu
Image from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/
F. Prevention
• Antibiotics CANNOT KILL viruses
• Instead, VACCINES are used to PREVENT viruses.
oVaccine= A dead or weakened version of a virus that helps to increase immunity in the host
Image from: http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/851253/doctors-debate-the-benefits-of-vaccine-cocooning/
Video clip vaccines and eradicate smallpox
Discovery Streaming “Understanding Viruses”Clips to show• Play part 1 time 2:30 to 17:20 (you will stop the playing after
the section on vaccines—so right when the section describing mutations comes on, hit stop)
• Then show clip 11, “The Death of Disease: Efforts to Eradicate Smallpox” (time 28:58)
• Then show clip 16, “HIV and AIDS” (time 38:43)• Finally show clip 18, “Using Viruses to Cure Genetic Diseases”
(time 45:00) Understanding: Viruses. Discovery Channel School (1997). Retrieved June 4, 2008,
fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Activities1. Video Clips
2. Vaccines Web Activity
Website for activity= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html
3. Spread of Disease Activity
Image from: http://www.123rf.com/photo_4335978_pipette-with-drop-of-liquid-over-test-tubes-for-an-experiment-in-a-science-research-lab.html
Part 2:
Bacteria
Essential Question:
How do viruses
differ from
bacteria?
A. Definition/FactsBacteria . . .1. Are prokaryotic cells2. Are unicellular3. Most numerous
organisms on Earth4. First forms of life
on Earth
Web visual found at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/
Click on image
5. What percent of
bacteria are helpful?
99%
A. Facts (cont)
+ food production+ digestion+ water purification+ environment—
decomposersoil spills
+ list is ENDLESS!!
—spoil foods —cause disease
A. Facts (cont)
A. Facts (cont)
6. Oxygen Relationships
a) Obligate aerobe= require oxygen to live
b) Obligate anaerobe= require a complete absence of oxygen to live
c) Facultative anaerobe= either or (can survive with oxygen, but doesn’t need it)
B. Structure Fill in diagram
C. Reproduction1. MOST bacteria
reproduce by BINARY FISSION (see picture)
2. Conjugation: some bacteria exchange genetic info by forming a temporary bridge
3. Endospore: some bacteria form an endospore and go dormant when conditions are unfavorable
Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7910/2025031.cw/index.html
C. Reproduction
Images from: http://www.3dscience.com/3D_Images/Biology/Bacterial/Bacterial_Types/Conjugation.php; http://bacteriakingdoms.com/conjugation-bacteria
Conjugation
C. Reproduction
Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7923/2028311.cw/index.html
“To appreciate the explosive potential for population increase, consider a single bacterium that can reproduce by fission every 20 minutes under ideal conditions. There would be two bacteria after 20 minutes, four after 40 minutes, eight after 80 minutes, and so on. If this continued for a day and a half—a mere 36 hours—there would be bacteria enough to form a layer a foot deep over the entire Earth.” ~pg. 730 Campbell, N., Reece, J., Taylor, M., Simon, E. (2006). Biology:Concepts and Connections. Fifth edition. New York: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
D. Shapes of Bacteria
Images from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/bacteria.htm
1.
= sphere
2.
= rod
3.
= spiral
Shapes Prefixes1.
= pair
2.
= chain
3.
= bunch
Streptococcus
Strep Throat
D. Shapes (cont)
D. Shapes (cont)
Escherichia coli - e.coli
Rod - Bacillus
Shape?
D. Shapes (cont)
Bacillus anthracis Death from anthrax is due to oxygen
depletion
Shape?
D. Shapes (cont)
CholeraIntestinal infection caused by ingestion of
contaminated food or water.
Shape?
Spiral - Spirillum
E. Location of Infection• Bacterial
infections are USUALLY localized at single point
• Examples:o strep throato urinary tract
infectionso most ear
infectionso some sinus
infectionsImage from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/
F. Treatment• Antibiotics CAN KILL bacteria• Antibiotic = Drugs that combat
bacteria by interfering with various cellular functions.
o Antibiotic resistant bacteria = ?
Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin in 1929
Images from: http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/funfacts/penicillin.htm; http://www.positivehealth.com/article/candida/superbugs-is-this-the-final-warning
Fun Facts
• There are more bacterial cells in your body than there are human cells.
• Scientists estimate that bacteria produce nearly half the oxygen found in the atmosphere
• There are more microbes on your body than there are humans on the entire planet.
• An area of skin as small as 6.5 square cm (1 square inch) may be home to more than half a million microbes.
Bacte
ria
United Streaming: “Understanding Bacteria”Clips to show• Play through the first four full segments—1-under the
microscope: anthrax 1:24, 2-understanding bacteria 3:55, 3-the good and bad sides of bacteria 11:06, and 4-Penicillin: From creation to resistance 5:15—then stop the video when “gold bug” comes up and discuss what was viewed with the class).
Understanding: Bacteria. Discovery Channel School(2004). Retrieved June 4, 2008,
fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Activities1. Video Clips
2. Mysteries of the Black Death
Video
Image from: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/secrets_of_the_dead_mystery_of_the_black_death/
3. Viruses vs Bacteria Venn
Diagram