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Biomolecules

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Macromolecules in Organisms

There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living

things:Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

•Used for immediate and stored energy, and as a building material in the cell.

•Contain elements C,H,O

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Carbohydrates

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Three Groups of Carbohydrates

•Monosaccharides - “one

sugar”

•Disaccharides - “two sugars”

•Polysaccharides - “many

sugars”

Monosaccharides:

•“One Sugar”

•Simplest of all sugars

•Can vary in the # of carbon (C) atoms, but the ratio of 2H:1O is always present.

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Glucose

•Glucose – 6 carbon monosaccharide that is the preferred energy source for most organisms including humans.

•Chemical Formula is C6H12O6

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Disaccharides

•Two monosaccharides covalently bonded together

•Examples

1) Sucrose - table sugar 2) Lactose - milk sugar 3) Maltose - grain sugar

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Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides covalently bonded together.

Divided into 2 groups based on function:

*Energy storage

polysaccharides and

structural

polysaccharides

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Examples of Polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Glucose Monomer

Storage Polysaccharides

•Long polymers of glucose broken down as needed for energy.

• EXAMPLES - Glycogen

- Starch

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Glycogen

•Storage form of glucose in animals

**Glycogen & starch are similar in structure because BOTH are made of glucose monomers*

• Stored in liver and muscle cells in humans.

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Starch

•Storage form of glucose in plants

• Plant cells store starch for energy

• Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

*Glycogen & starch are similar in structure because BOTH are made of glucose monomers*

Structural Polysaccharides

•Used as a building material in many organisms

EXAMPLES - Cellulose - Chitin

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Cellulose

•It is a major component of plant cell walls

•Polymer made up of glucose monomers

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Cellulose

Humans & other animals cannot break down cellulose for energy.

Still important as a source of fiber.

Bacteria have enzymes to break down cellulose

Chitin

•Major component of fungi cell walls as well as the exoskeleton of arthropods & insects.

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TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!1. Which of the following is NOT one

of the 4 biomolecules?A) Nucleic AcidsB) LipidsC) NutrientsD) Carbohydrates

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!2. What is the name of the preferred

energy source of most organisms?A) SucroseB) LipidsC) LactoseD) Glucose

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!3. Polymers make up monomers.

A) TrueB) False

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Lipids

•Known for their insolubility in water.

•Known as hydrophobic –”water fearing”

•Made up of C,H,and O

•Our bodies need lipids for energy, storage, insulation, and cushioning

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Function of Lipids

•Fats store energy,

•Insulate the body,

•CushionCushion and and protectprotect organs, organs,

•Serve as a Serve as a component of component of the cell the cell membrane. membrane.

Three Groups of Lipids

•Fats & Oils

•Phospholipids

•Steroids

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Fats & Oils

•Made up of glycerol + 1 or more fatty acid tails.

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Fats & Oils

•Referred to as fat if lipid is solid at room temp. Usually from animal source.

•Referred to as an oil if lipid is liquid at room temp. Usually from a plant source.

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Fats & Oils

•Classified as saturated or unsaturated

•Saturated fats have been linked to heart disease.

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Phospholipids

•Primary component of all cell membranes.

•Have a head that is polar & attracted to water (hydrophilic)

•Have 2 fatty acid tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)

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Steroids

Ex: Cholesterol

- found in cell membranes of animal cells

Used for hormone production & animlal cell structure.

Cholesterol

TestosteroneEstrogen

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Four Types of Proteins

Structural

Contractile

Storage

Transport

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Proteins

•Molecular tools of the cell

•Functions include: structure (building cells), support, movement, hormones, enzymes, and metabolism.

•Contain C,H,O, and N

ProteinsProteins

•Amino Acids – Monomers of proteins are amino acids

–There are 20 amino acids that combine in different numbers, orders, and arrangements to form proteins.

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Proteins as Enzymes

•One very impt function of proteins is to serve as enzymes

•A catalyst triggers chemical reactions without being used up in the process.

•Organisms could not maintain homeostasis without functioning enzymes

•Enzymes trigger chemical reactions by serving as a catalyst

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

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Nucleic Acids

•Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides

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Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides

•Store and carry out the genetic code.

•Contain information for heredity and for making all the body’s proteins.

•Contain the elements C,H,O,N, and P

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid

•DNA–Contains

the genetic code for the cell.

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Ribonucleic Acid

•RNA –Carries

out

the instructions in DNA.

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Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

•ATP

– Provides usuable energy in all cells.

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Macromolecules

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!1.Which of the following is NOT a

function of lipids?A) TransportB) InsulationC) EnergyD) Cushioning

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!!KNOWLEDGE!!!!

2) The monomers of protein are

A) NucleotidesB) Amino AcidsC) EnzymesD) Steriods