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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: THE BORNEO POST
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW The Borneo Post Final
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for THE BORNEO POST............................................................................ 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for THE BORNEO POST
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by The Borneo Post, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverageof BN (57.16%).
PR were attacked (52%) and covered negatively (46.7%) more then BN, with BN receiving
more positive coverage (83.42%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (75%), followed by the positive category (13%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage of figures from both major coalitions is skewed towards
BN (62%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the
neutral category was used the most often (73%), followed by the positive category (14%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive coverage.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak, Taib Mahmud, and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (45%) than PR politicians (10%), aswere independent/other political figures (44%).
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Muhyiddin Yassin and Najib Razak were first and second most commonly engaged in attackpolitics.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (79%) than eitheropposition politicians or independents/others.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Policy Issue of Vision Policies and Programmes was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (39.92%), followed by Others, DAP, PKR, then SUPP.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 THE BORNEO POST
BN
OtherDAP
PKR
SUPP
PR
PAS
SPDP
PBB
PRS
UMNO
MCA
SAPP
MIC
Gerakan
PBS
PSM
UPKO
PRM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
39.92
12.2010.05
9.48
5.57
5.51
5.00
3.62
2.39
2.03
1.65
1.03
0.47
0.35
0.27
0.24
0.11
0.11
0.03
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverage of BN (57.16%).
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 THE BORNEO POST
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
57.16
30.03
0.62
12.20
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (75%), followed by the positive category (13%).
7 THE BORNEO POST
6%7%
75%
13%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN were the most negatively covered (23.11%), followed by Others and DAP (both 15.8%),then PAS and PKR (both 10.38%), then PR (10.14%).
Others were the most attacked (32%), followed by PR (22.67%), then DAP (16.8%), then BN(11.47%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
Other
DAP
PKR
PAS
PRSPDP
SUPP
UMNO
PRS
Gerakan
MCA
PBS
PSM
SAPP
MIC
PBB
PRM
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (73.12%) coverage by a very significant margin.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
9 THE BORNEO POST
BN
Other
PKR
DAP
SUPP
PASSPDP
PR
PBB
PRS
UMNO
MCA
SAPP
MIC
Gerakan
PBS
UPKO
PSM
PRM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (52%) and covered negatively (46.7%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (83.42%).
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.14 13%
Neutral 1 : 0.5 75%
Negative 1 : 1.28 7%
Attacked 1 : 3.25 6%
10 THE BORNEO POST
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
16.00
36.56
57.98
83.42
52.00
46.70
29.65
11.81
32.00
16.75
12.37
4.77
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion
(34.23%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (8.49%), William Mawan (7.9%), Ching Chien Jen(7.18%), then Taib Mahmud (6.79%).
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
William Mawan
Chong Chieng Jen
Taib Mahmud
Lim Guan Eng
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Kit Siang
Alfred Jabu
Mahathir Mohamad
Hadi Awang
Baru Bian
Nik Aziz
Wong Ho Leng
Tian ChuaKarpal Singh
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Jeffrey Kitingan
James Masing
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
34.23
8.49
7.90
7.18
6.79
5.03
4.70
3.59
2.81
2.09
1.96
1.76
1.76
1.05
0.980.85
0.85
0.85
0.78
0.72
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed towards BN (62%).
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
12 THE BORNEO POST
62%
36%
2%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(19.9%), followed by Taib Mahmud (10.92%), Muhyiddin Yassin (9.63%), then ElectionCommission Spokespeople (6.13%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
13 THE BORNEO POST
Najib Razak
Taib Mahmud
Muhyiddin Yassin
Election Commission Spokesperson
Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Baru Bian
Hadi Awang
Chua Soi Lek
0 5 10 15 20 25
19.90
10.92
9.63
6.13
3.17
2.20
2.20
2.16
1.37
1.33
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (45%) than PR politicians (10%), aswere independent/other political figures (44%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
14 THE BORNEO POST
45%
10%
44% BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (73%), followed by the positive category (14%).
15 THE BORNEO POST
14%
73%
7%5%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (11.5%) and attacks (24.66%).
Nik Aziz was second most negatively covered (9.73%) and Chong Chien Jen second most
attacked (17.81%). Third most negatively covered was Chong Chien Jen and Tian Chua (both 8.85%), then
William Mawan (7.96%).
Third most attacked was Lim Guan Eng (9.59%), then Hadi Awang (8.22%), then Baru Bianand Dzulkefly Ahmad (both 5.48%).
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Anwar Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Chong Chieng Jen
Tian Chua
William Mawan
Lim Kit Siang
Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Taib Mahmud
Baru Bian
Lim Guan Eng
Hadi Awang
Khalid Ibrahim
Hassan Ali
Alfred Jabu
Nurul Izzah
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Dzulkefly Ahmad
Jeffrey KitinganChua Soi Lek
James Masing
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (67.27%) and neutral coverage (32.88%%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
17 THE BORNEO POST
Najib RazakWilliam Mawan
Anwar Ibrahim
Taib Mahmud
Chong Chieng Jen
Lim Guan Eng
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Kit Siang
Alfred Jabu
Mahathir Mohamad
Hadi Awang
Baru Bian
Wong Ho Leng
Karpal Singh
Nik Aziz
Rosmah Mansur
Wong Soon Koh
Jeffrey Kitingan
James Masing
G. PalanivelKhalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive coverage.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is the largest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.1 14%
Neutral 1 : 0.56 73%
Negative 1 : 1.92 7%
Attacked 1 : 7.1 5%
18 THE BORNEO POST
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
12.33
32.74
62.80
89.55
87.67
62.83
35.22
8.64
0.00
4.42
1.98
1.82
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Muhyiddin Yassin (29.51%) then Najib Razak (24.59%) were first and second most commonlyengaged in attack politics, followed by Mahathir Mohamad (14.75%) then Taib Mahmud(9.84%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
19 THE BORNEO POST
Muhyiddin Yassin
Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Taib Mahmud
Lim Guan Eng
Khalid Ibrahim
Anwar Ibrahim
Baru Bian
Lim Kit Siang
Nik Aziz
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
29.51
24.59
14.75
9.84
3.28
2.46
1.64
1.64
0.82
0.82
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (79%) than eitheropposition politicians or independents/others.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
20 THE BORNEO POST
79%
11%
11%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Policy Issues than Non-Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
21 THE BORNEO POST
52%48%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development then Education and Environment.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
22 THE BORNEO POST
47%
10%
23%
10%
0%1%1%2%
5%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byElectioneering then Socioeconomic Status.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
23 THE BORNEO POST
40%
5%5%
21%
1%
5%
22%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 25395
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 1202
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 38.8
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
25 THE BORNEO POST
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 39.915
DAP 10.046Gerakan 0.26894
MCA 1.0283
MIC 0.34805
PAS 4.9992
PBB 2.3889
PBS 0.2373
PKR 9.4763
PR 5.5055
PRS 2.025
PRM 0.031641PSM 0.11074
SAPP 0.47461
SPDP 3.6228
SUPP 5.5687
UMNO 1.6453
UPKO 0.11074
Other 12.197
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 39.915
BN 57.15903
Gerakan 0.26894MCA 1.0283
MIC 0.34805
PBB 2.3889
PBS 0.2373
PRS 2.025
SPDP 3.6228
SUPP 5.5687
UMNO 1.6453
UPKO 0.11074
PR 5.5055
PR 30.027DAP 10.046
PAS 4.9992
PKR 9.4763
PRM 0.031641
Independent 0.616991PSM 0.11074
SAPP 0.47461
Other 12.197 Other 12.197
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 11.467 23.113 38.225 73.116 145.921
DAP 16.8 15.802 10.068 3.392 46.062
Gerakan 0.26667 0.4717 0.2773 0.12563 1.1413
MCA 0.26667 0.4717 1.1945 0.75377 2.68664
MIC 0 0.23585 0.42662 0.12563 0.7881
PAS 6.1333 10.377 4.9488 1.1307 22.5898
PBB 0 0 2.9863 1.3819 4.3682
PBS 0 0.4717 0.25597 0.12563 0.8533
PKR 6.4 10.377 10.815 2.7638 30.3558
PR 22.667 10.142 3.8183 4.5226 41.1499
PRS 0 1.1792 2.4317 1.1307 4.7416
PRM 0 0 0.021331 0.12563 0.146961
PSM 0 0.4717 0.10666 0 0.57836
SAPP 0 0.4717 0.55461 0.25126 1.27757
SPDP 1.0667 4.717 4.1382 1.3819 11.3038
SUPP 2.1333 3.3019 6.2927 3.392 15.1199
UMNO 0.8 2.5943 1.6425 1.6332 6.67
UPKO 0 0 0.10666 0.25126 0.35792
Other 32 15.802 11.689 4.397 63.888
Parties &Coalitions
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26 THE BORNEO POST
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0
Alfred Jabu 2.8086
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.58785
Anwar Ibrahim 8.4912Azmin Ali 0.13063
Baru Bian 1.7636
Bernard Dompok 0.19595
Chong Chieng Jen 7.1848
Chua Soi Lek 0.26127
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.3919
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0.58785
Hadi Awang 1.9595
Hassan Ali0.45722Hishamuddin Hussein 0.26127
Ibrahim Ali 0.065317
James Masing 0.71848
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.7838
Karpal Singh 0.84912
Khalid Ibrahim 0.84912
Khalid Samad 0.13063
Lim Guan Eng 5.0294
Lim Kit Siang 3.5924
Liow Tiong Lai 0.13063
Mahathir Mohamad 2.0901
Maximus Ongkili 0.065317
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.19595
Muhyiddin Yassin 4.7028
Musa Aman 0.26127
Najib Razak 34.226
Ng Yen Yen 0
Nik Aziz 1.7636
Nizar Jamaluddin 0
Nurul Izzah 0.84912
Rafizi Ramli 0Rosmah Mansur 0.71848
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 6.7929
Teresa Kok 0.19595
Tian Chua 0.97975
Tony Pua 0.065317
William Mawan 7.9033
Wong Ho Leng 1.0451
Wong Soon Koh 0.71848
Yong Teck Lee 0.19595
Percentage(mention)
TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 16.00034
Negative 36.55635
Neutral 57.97745
Posit ive 83.41762
PR
Attacked 52.0003
Negative 46.698
Neutral 29.6501
Positive 11.8091
Attacked 32
Negative 16.7454
Neutral 12.371601
Positive 4.77389
Independent &Other
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27 THE BORNEO POST
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 0.3919
BN 61.724217
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. PalanivelMIC 0.58785
Alfred JabuPBB 9.6015
Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.065317
James Masing PRS 0.71848
William Mawan SPDP 7.9033
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0.71848
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 41.54144
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.19595
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 17.962087
PR 36.250887
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 4.44158
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 13.84722
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.58785
2.024817
Hassan Ali Independent 0.45722
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.065317
Rosmah Mansur 0.71848
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.19595
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 1.3338
BN 45.20554
Mahathir Mohamad 3.1723
Muhyiddin Yassin 9.6251
Musa Aman 0.25234
Najib Razak 19.899
Nazri Aziz 0
Taib Mahmud 10.923
Anwar Ibrahim 2.199
PR 10.38216
Baru Bian 2.1629
Hadi Awang 1.3699
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.21629
Khalid Ibrahim 0.61283
Lim Guan Eng 1.2978
Lim Kit Siang 2.199
Nik Aziz 0.32444
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 44.412549
Hassan Ali 0.036049
Vox Pop Male 15.862
Vox Pop Female 3.0642
19.322
6.1283
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0
Alfred Jabu 2.7397 1.7699 3.4142 0.45455
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 1.7699 0.53908 0.45455
Anwar Ibrahim 24.658 11.504 8.5355 0.90909Azmin Ali 0 0 0.089847 0.45455
Baru Bian 5.4795 3.5398 1.6173 0.45455
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 1.3636
Chong Chieng Jen 17.808 8.8496 7.2776 0.90909
Chua Soi Lek 0 0.88496 0.26954 0
Dzulkefly Ahmad 5.4795 0.88496 0.089847 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0.80863 0
Hadi Awang 8.2192 2.6549 1.7071 0.90909
Hassan Ali 0 2.6549 0.26954 0.45455
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.35939 0
Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0 0.45455
James Masing 0 0.88496 0.80863 0.45455
Jeffrey Kitingan 1.3699 0.88496 0.89847 0
Karpal Singh 0 0.88496 1.0782 0
Khalid Ibrahim 1.3699 2.6549 0.62893 0.90909
Khalid Samad 0 0.88496 0.089847 0
Lim Guan Eng 9.589 2.6549 5.4807 2.2727
Lim Kit Siang 4.1096 6.1947 3.8634 0.90909
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.17969 0
Mahathir Mohamad 2.7397 5.3097 1.7071 1.3636
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0.089847 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0.88496 0.17969 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 1.3699 5.3097 4.6721 5.9091
Musa Aman 0 0 0.35939 0
Najib Razak 2.7397 6.1947 32.884 67.273
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0
Nik Aziz 4.1096 9.7345 1.0782 0
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0
Nurul Izzah 2.7397 1.7699 0.62893 0.90909
Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0 0Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.89847 0.45455
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 2.7397 4.4248 7.4573 6.3636
Teresa Kok 0 0 0.26954 0
Tian Chua 0 8.8496 0.44924 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0.089847 0
William Mawan 0 7.9646 8.8949 5.9091
Wong Ho Leng 2.7397 0 1.168 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0.89847 0.45455
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.26954 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 12.3287
Negative 32.74332
Neutral 62.803187
Positive 89.54565
PR
Attacked 87.6716
Negative 62.8316
Neutral 35.220188
Positive 8.63634
Attacked 0
Negative 4.4248
Neutral 1.97663
Positive 1.8182
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 78.6881
Mahathir Mohamad 14.754
Muhyiddin Yassin 29.508
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 24.59
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 9.8361
Anwar Ibrahim 1.6393
PR 10.65564
Baru Bian 1.6393
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 2.459
Lim Guan Eng 3.2787
Lim Kit Siang 0.81967
Nik Aziz 0.81967
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 10.6558
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 6.5574
Vox Pop Female 0
4.0984
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 15.639
Policy Issues 33.26359
Environment 3.4483Economy/Development 7.6977
Education 3.3438
Foreign Policy 0.10449
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 0.48763
Oppressive Legislation 0.34831
Health 0.62696
Religion 1.5674
Ethnicity 12.295
30.85997
Religion 1.5674
Democracy & Human Rights 1.5326
Socioeconomic Status 6.5134
Mudslinging 0.41797
Gender 1.6022
Electioneering 6.9314
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other
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