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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: UTUSAN MALAYSIA
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx -
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN MALAYSIA.............................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
2 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
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Executive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN MALAYSIA
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Utusan Malaysia, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
PR were given the most coverage or talked about by a significant margin.
BN received the most positive coverage, while PR received the most negative coverage andattacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (84%), followed by the positive category (6%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewedheavily towards PR (75%). Anwar Ibrahim was the most mentioned politician, followed by
Najib Razak. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the
neutral category was used very much the most often (80%), followed by attacks (10%).
However, of the non-neutral material, much more positive coverage was given to BNpoliticians (over 69.74%), while PR politicians were given much more negative coverage(96.18%) and attacks (90.65%).
Indeed, BN politicians were never attacked.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
3 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
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Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak, Muyiddin Yassin and MahathirMohamad were most commonly used as sources by the media by a huge margin - theircombined use as sources represents over 60% of all source use.
Due in large part to this dominance, BN politicians were used much more often assources overall than PR politicians, who were used as sources just 15% of the time -notably less than independent political figures.
Mahathir Mohamad (34.78%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed byMuhyiddin Yassin (20.29%) then Najib Razak (19.32%), with these two politicians constitutingalmost 75% of all attacks.
The opposition leaders barely registered, showing that they were a) rarely given the chanceto appear as sources, and b) when they did so, they were rarely quoted as attacking.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.
4 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (27.88%), followed by PAS (18.02%), then DAP, PR, and PKR.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
BN
PAS
DAP
PR
PKR
UMNO
Other
MCA
MIC
Gerakan
PSM
SUPP
PBS
PRS
SPDP
UPKO
PBB
SAPP
PRM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
27.88
18.02
14.56
13.86
11.07
6.60
2.78
2.08
1.03
0.92
0.36
0.17
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the PR coalition received the mostmention-level coverage by a significant margin (57.51%), as opposed to BN (39.25%).
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
39.25
57.51
0.43
2.78
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory is used very much the most often (84%), followed by the positive category (6%).
7 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
5%5%
84%
6%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
PR was the most negatively covered (27.18%), followed by DAP, PAS, PKR then BN.
PR and PAS were attacked the most, equal at 28.83%. DAP was second most attacked(19.63%), followed by PKR (12.27%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
8 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
PR
DAP
PAS
PKR
BN
MCAOther
UMNO
MIC
Gerakan
SUPP
PSM
PBB
PBS
PRS
PRM
SAPP
SPDP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (72.55%) and neutral (27.48%) coverage by a very significantmargin, with the opposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
9 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
BN
PAS
DAP
PR
PKR
UMNOOther
MCA
MIC
Gerakan
PSM
SUPP
PBS
PRS
SPDP
UPKO
SAPP
PBB
PRM
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomesvery clear that BN's coverage was very significantly positive, while PR received the mostnegative coverage and attacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.2 6%
Neutral 1 : 1.4 84%
Negative 1 : 6.23 5%
Attacked 1 : 8.9 5%
10 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10.12
13.59
39.46
83.15
89.57
84.67
57.01
14.40
0.31
1.74
3.52
2.45
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Of these 20, Anwar Ibrahim received the most mentions by a significant proportion (26.77%),followed by Najib Razak, then Lim Kit Siang and Lim Guan Eng, with Nik Aziz coming in withthe fifth most mentions overall.
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
11 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
Anwar Ibrahim
Najib RazakLim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Nik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Karpal Singh
Mahathir Mohamad
Nurul Izzah
Azmin Ali
Muhyiddin Yassin
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Tian Chua
Khalid IbrahimRafizi Ramli
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Rosmah Mansur
Ibrahim Ali
Hassan Ali
Chua Soi Lek
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
26.77
15.499.49
8.08
7.79
6.82
6.49
3.49
2.57
1.69
1.65
1.55
1.45
1.260.97
0.82
0.63
0.53
0.44
0.34
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed heavily towards PR (75%).
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
12 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
22%
75%
3%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak, Muyiddin Yassin and MahathirMohamad were most commonly used as sources by the media by a huge margin - theircombined use as sources represents over 60% of all source use.
This dominance flows on to the next graph which shows combined source use from eachcoalition across all politicians tracked.
Interestingly, while Muhyiddin was spoken about relatively little, he was used as a source orallowed to speak very often.
Opposition politicians were rarely used as sources.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
13 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
Najib Razak
Muhyiddin Yassin
Mahathir Mohamad
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Anwar Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Election Commission Spokesperson
Lim Guan Eng
Chua Soi Lek
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
26.30
21.86
16.89
5.96
3.45
3.04
2.81
2.45
2.22
1.93
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (68%) than both independentpolitical figures and PR, whose politicians received only 15% use as sources.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
14 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
68%
15%
17%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used very much the most often (80%), followed by attacks (10%).
15 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
4%
80%
6%
10%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (41.99%) and was attacked the most often (36.45%) by a verysignificant margin.
Hadi Awang, Khalid Ibrahim, Nik Aziz and then Lim Kit Siang were second to fifth mostnegatively mentioned, respectively.
Lim Guan Eng was the second most attacked (13.08%), followed by Lim Kit Siang, Nik Aziz,Hadi Awang, then Karpal Singh.
Notably, BN political figures were very rarely attacked and were never covered negatively.
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
16 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
Anwar Ibrahim
Hadi Awang
Khalid Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Lim Kit Siang
Azmin Ali
Karpal Singh
Nurul Izzah
Lim Guan Eng
Rafizi Ramli
Rosmah Mansur
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Khalid Samad
Nizar Jamaluddin
Mahathir Mohamad
Chua Soi Lek
Elizabeth Wong
James Masing
Mohamad 'Mat' SabuAbdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred Jabu
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (61.84%) coverage by a very significant margin all others trail by a hugemargin.
Anwar Ibrahim received the most neutral coverage (25.46%), followed by Najib Razak(16.71%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
17 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
Anwar IbrahimNajib Razak
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Nik Aziz
Karpal Singh
Hadi Awang
Mahathir Mohamad
Nurul Izzah
Muhyiddin Yassin
Tian Chua
Azmin Ali
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Rafizi Ramli
Khalid Ibrahim
Ibrahim Ali
Hassan Ali
Rosmah Mansur
Chua Soi LekG. Palanivel
Khalid Samad
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, much more positive coverage was given to BN politicians (over 69.74%), while PRpoliticians were given much more negative coverage (96.18%) and attacks (90.65%).
Indeed, BN politicians were never covered negatively (hence the non-standard ratioexpression below).
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
Coverage
TypeBN : PR
Tonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.4 4%
Neutral 1 : 3.1 79%
Negative 0 : 90.6 6%
Attacked 1 : 21.53 10%
18 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
4.21
0.00
23.56
69.74
90.65
96.18
73.68
26.32
5.14
3.82
2.75
3.95
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Mahathir Mohamad (34.78%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed byMuhyiddin Yassin (20.29%) then Najib Razak (19.32%), with these two politicians constitutingalmost 75% of all attacks.
The opposition leaders follow at a distance, with Hadi Awang registering most attacks.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
19 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Najib Razak
Hadi Awang
Nik Aziz
Anwar Ibrahim
Hassan Ali
Lim Guan Eng
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Chua Soi Lek
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Musa Aman
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
34.78
20.29
19.32
4.35
3.38
0.97
0.97
0.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.
PR politicians were very rarely 'allowed' to attack others.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
20 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
74%
9%
16%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
21 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
43%
57%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Religion was given the most attention, followed by Vision Policiesand Programmes, the Economy and Development, then Domestic policy, Crime & NationalSecurity.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
22 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
23%
1%
19%
4%12%
14%
2%1%
25%Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealth
Religion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed by Religionand Socioeconomic status, then Mudslinging.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
23 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
27%
18%
11%
18%
13%
5%
7%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 22852
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 1096
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 35.4
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
24 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
25 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
TABLE 1
Par ty Percentage
BN 27.883
DAP 14.56
Gerakan 0.9199
MCA 2.0777
MIC 1.0309
PAS 18.017
PBB 0.079302
PBS 0.14274
PKR 11.071
PR 13.862
PRS 0.12688
PRM 0
PSM 0.36479
SAPP 0.063442
SPDP 0.12688
SUPP 0.17446
UMNO 6.5979
UPKO 0.095163
Other 2.7756
TABLE 2
Par ty Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 27.883
BN 39.254825
Gerakan 0.9199
MCA 2.0777
MIC 1.0309
PBB 0.079302
PBS 0.14274
PRS 0.12688
SPDP 0.12688
SUPP 0.17446
UMNO 6.5979
UPKO 0.095163
PR 13.862
PR 57.51DAP 14.56
PAS 18.017
PKR 11.071
PRM 0
Independent 0.428232PSM 0.36479
SAPP 0.063442
Other 2.7756 Other 2.7756
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 3.3742 7.6655 27.478 72.554 111.0717
DAP 19.632 21.603 14.587 4.0761 59.8981
Gerakan 0.6135 0.69686 0.94233 1.087 3.33969
MCA 0.30675 2.0906 2.2239 1.6304 6.25165
MIC 0 1.3937 0.99887 2.1739 4.56647
PAS 28.834 18.815 18.281 3.5326 69.4626
PBB 0 0 0.037693 0.81522 0.852913
PBS0 0 0.16962 0
0.16962
PKR 12.27 17.073 11.233 2.9891 43.5651
PR 28.834 27.178 12.91 3.8043 72.7263
PRS 0 0 0.13193 0.27174 0.40367
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0.30675 0 0.41462 0 0.72137
SAPP 0 0 0.075386 0 0.075386
SPDP 0 0 0.13193 0.27174 0.40367
SUPP 0 0.34843 0.16962 0.27174 0.78979
UMNO 5.8282 1.3937 7.0675 4.0761 18.3655
UPKO 0 0 0.11308 0 0.11308
Other 0 1.7422 3.0343 2.4457 7.2222
Parties &Coalitions
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26 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 10.12265
Negative 10.32788
Neutral 39.464473
Positive 83.15184
PR
Attacked 89.57
Negative 84.669
Neutral 57.011
Positive 14.4021
A ttacked 0.30675
Negative 1.7422
Neutral 3 .524306
Positive 2.4457
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0
Alfred Jabu 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.5489
Anwar Ibrahim 26.767Azmin Ali 1.6941
Baru Bian 0.048403
Bernard Dompok 0.048403
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 0.33882
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0
Elizabeth Wong 0.24201
G. Palanivel 0.29042
Hadi Awang 6.8248
Hassan Ali 0.43562
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.096805
Ibrahim Ali 0.53243
James Masing 0.048403
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Karpal Singh 6.486
Khalid Ibrahim 1.2585
Khalid Samad 0.33882
Lim Guan Eng 8.0833
Lim Kit Siang 9.4869
Liow Tiong Lai 0
Mahathir Mohamad 3.485
Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.82285
Muhyiddin Yassin 1.6457
Musa Aman 0.096805
Najib Razak 15.489
Ng Yen Yen 0.14521
Nik Aziz 7.7928
Nizar Jamaluddin 0.096805
Nurul Izzah 2.5653
Rafizi Ramli 0.96805Rosmah Mansur 0.62924
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 0
Teresa Kok 0.19361
Tian Chua 1.4521
Tony Pua 0
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0.048403
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0
Percentage(mention)
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TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 0.48403
BN 21.684566
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.29042
Alfred Jabu PBB 0Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0.048403
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 20.81331
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa AmanNajib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.048403
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 24.298213
PR 75.169751
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 15.876075
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 34.995463
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 1.5489
3.14619
Hassan Ali Independent 0.43562
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.53243
Rosmah Mansur 0.62924
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0
Independent/
Other'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 1.9287
BN 67.504715
Mahathir Mohamad 16.891
Muhyiddin Yassin 21.859
Musa Aman 0.17534Najib Razak 26.3
Nazri Aziz 0.29223
Taib Mahmud 0.058445
Anwar Ibrahim 3.0392
PR 15.312695
Baru Bian 0.058445
Hadi Awang 5.9614
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0.35067
Lim Guan Eng 2.2209
Lim Kit Siang 0.87668
Nik Aziz 2.8054
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 17.183
Hassan Ali 3.4483
Vox Pop Male 4.9679
Vox Pop Female 1.052
5.2601
2.4547
Percentage
(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 4.6729 1.5267 1.1016 2.6316
Anwar Ibrahim 36.449 41.985 25.459 5.2632
Azmin Ali 0.93458 6.1069 1.4688 1.3158Baru Bian 0 0 0 1.3158
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0.0612 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0.46729 0 0.3672 0
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0.46729 0 0.2448 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0.3672 0
Hadi Awang 7.0093 10.687 6.6707 3.9474
Hassan Ali 0 0 0.5508 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.1224 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.5508 1.3158
James Masing 0.46729 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0
Karpal Singh 5.6075 3.8168 7.0991 1.3158
Khalid Ibrahim 1.8692 8.3969 0.67319 0
Khalid Samad 0 1.5267 0.306 0
Lim Guan Eng 13.084 2.2901 8.0171 5.2632
Lim Kit Siang 12.15 6.1069 9.7919 1.3158
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0 0
Mahathir Mohamad 3.271 0 3.672 6.5789
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.46729 0 0.91799 1.3158
Muhyiddin Yassin 0 0 1.9584 1.3158
Musa Aman 0 0 0.1224 0
Najib Razak 0 0 16.707 61.842
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.1836 0
Nik Aziz 8.4112 6.8702 7.6499 2.6316
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0.76336 0.0612 0
Nurul Izzah 1.4019 3.0534 2.8152 0
Rafizi Ramli 2.3364 2.2901 0.73439 0
Rosmah Mansur 0.46729 2.2901 0.5508 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0.1224 2.6316
Tian Chua 0.46729 2.2901 1.5912 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0.0612 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 4.20558
Negative 0
Neutral 23.5614
Positive 69.7367
PR
Attacked 90.65495
Negative 96.18346
Neutral 73.68407
Positive 26.316
Attacked 5.14019
Negative 3.8168
Neutral 2.754
Positive 3.9474
Independent/
Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 0
BN 74.397
Mahathir Mohamad 34.783
Muhyiddin Yassin 20.29
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 19.324
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0.96618
PR 9.17867
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 4.3478
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0.48309
Lim Kit Siang 0
Nik Aziz 3.3816
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 16.42478
Hassan Ali 0.96618
Vox Pop Male 12.56
Vox Pop Female 2.8986
0
0
Percentage
(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 6.2005
Policy Issues 26.94969
Environment 0.17762Economy/Development 5.1348
Education 1.0496
Foreign Policy 3.181
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.6977
Oppressive Legislation 0.50057
Health 0.2745
Religion 6.7334
Ethnicity 9.7529
35.5562
Religion 6.5396
Democracy & Human Rights 4.053
Socioeconomic Status 6.4266
Mudslinging 4.6827
Gender 1.647
Electioneering 2.4544
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other