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MARKET SURVEY OF
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Guided By: Ar. Riddhi Desai
Prepared By:
Mosam Choksi Pooja Mistry
Vishwa Patel
Hemangi RangrejDhruv wadiwala
Hardik Lalwala
Harshini PapaiyaDarshini Intwala
Hina Ramchandani
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INT O U TION OF WOO
Wood is a hard, fibrous tissues found in many plants
.Wood is a natural product and when usedresponsibly is a sustainable resource which need not
result in damage to the environment.
It has been used for centuries for both FUEL and as
a CONSTRUCTION material for several types of living
areas such as HOUSES.
Wood is an organic material, a natural composite of
cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin which
resists compression.
Wood may also refer to the other plant materials
with comparable properties and material made from
wood or wood chips and fiber.
If a wood is cut into longitudinal section then we can
see the KNOT and ANNUAL RINGS.
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STRUCTURE OF WOODS
The trees which grows outwards about the
centre are called EXOGENOUS TREES.
IF trunk of tree is cut in longitudinal direction ,
the ANNUAL RINGS can be seen which are
useful in predicting the age of tree.
The crosssectional parts of tree and their
functions are described below:
BARK or Outer skin : It is outermost portion
of tree . The outer bark protects the tree
from high temperature and mechanical
harm.
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Inner bark : The inner bark covering the cambium layer protects
cambium layer from any injury and also supplies food to those parts
where it is needed most.
CAMBIUM LAYER : This layer of sap between inner bark and sap wood is
known as CAMBIUM LAYER. This layer makes bark on the outer side and
wood on inner side.
SAPWOOD : The outer annual rings between cambium layer and heartwood are known as SAP WOOD. It is usually light in color and weight as
compared to heartwood.
HEARTWOOD : the annual rings between sap wood and pith forms the
HEARTWOOD.
PITH : It is the innermost portion of tree. It is very soft portion and
varies in size and shape .
ANNUAL RING : The rings that determine how long a tree will live.
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T EE A T
EXOGENOUS
HARDWOOD
SOFTWOOD
ENDOGENOUS
DECIDIOUS
CONIFEROUS
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It is also known as INWARD GROWING TREE .
The former is the class of the trees which include all
the commercial timbers used for building purpose and
the latter class includes such as PALMS and BAMBOOS
are not suitable for engineering use .
The roots of the trees are generally embedded in
earth.
Endogenous timber is not suitable as structural timber.
Example of endogenous trees are bamboo, palm, cane
etc.
EN OGENOUS T EES
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HARDWOOD
Hardwood trees are generally BROADLEAF trees. These
tree species are Deciduous, retaining their leaves only in
one growing season. they loose their leaves only in winter
The designation hardwood trees does not necessarily
relate to the hardness of the wood.
Typical hardwood trees include ash, elms, oak, maple,
walnut, hickory, mahogany, and walnut.
Woods grown in tropical climates are generallyhardwoods. They continually grow till they mature i.e 50
or more years.
Hardwood have shorter fibers compared to softwood.
Some hardwoods are evergreen.
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SOFTWOOD
Softwoods are one of the botanical groups of trees that
has persistent needle-like or scale-like leaves ; softwoods
are Coniferous trees which are evergreen keeping their
leaves throughout the year and have longer-length fibers
than hardwoods.
Softwood trees include pines, spruces, firs , cedars.
The yew is one of the few softwoods that is native to the
UK.
There are a number of softwoods (yew)that are harder
and tougher than many hardwoods.
Larches, including tamarack, are exceptions, being
deciduous "softwoods".
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A horizontal section
through 1 yr. growth
of a horizontalgrowth in a
temperature zone.
A greatly enlarged
vertical section ofSoftwood.
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DIFFE EN E BETWEEN
A DWOODAND SOFTWOOD
PROPERTIES HARDWOOD SOFTWOOD
Definition Comes from deciduous
trees that drop their
leaves every year.
Trees that are conifer and
have needles, and
normally do not lose
needles.
Properties Broad leaves, enclosed
nuts, higher density
Less dense, less durable,
high calorific values,
coniferous trees
Found in regions Trees supplying hardwood
are found throughout the
world from the boreal and
taiga forests of the north
to the tropics and down
into the far south.
Found in northern
hemisphere.
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Annual Rings In this wood ,rings are
near to each other and
are more in nos.
In this wood ,rings are
scarce and far from
each other.
Fire resistance capacity Hardwood burn hardly, ittakes more time to
burn.
It burns quickly, and itdoesn't take more time.
Structure Hardwood trees comes
from deciduous trees,
which has broad leaf. itis more dense.
Softwood comes from
conifers trees, usually
has pointed leaf. Usuallyit is less dense.
Applications Used for trimmings and
furniture but less
frequently then
softwood.
Widely used as
woodware for building
(homes/ cabins) and
furniture.
Cost Hardwood is typically
more expensive then
softwood
Softwood is typically
less expensive
compared to hardwood
Growth rate Hardwood has a slower
growth rate
Softwood has a faster
rate of growth
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USES OF WOOD
Fuel
Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continuesto this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is
preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and
burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to home is often
felt to add ambiance and warmth.
Construction
Wood can be cut into straight planks and made into a
wood flooring.
The Saitta House, Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York
built in 1899 is made of and decorated in wood.
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Wood has been an important
construction material since humans
began building shelters, houses and
boats. Wood to be used for construction
work is commonly known as lumber in
North America. It is also used in woodcut
printmaking, and for engraving.
Certain types of musical instruments,
such as those of the violin family, the
guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the
xylophone, and the marimba, are made
mostly or entirely of wood.
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Engineered wood
Wood used in construction includes
products such as glued laminatedtimber (glulam), laminated veneer
lumber (LVL), parallam and I-joists. On
the one hand these allow the use of
smaller pieces, and on the other hand
allow bigger spans. They may also beselected for specific projects such as
public swimming pools or ice rinks
where the wood will not deteriorate in
the presence of certain chemicals.
These engineered wood products
prove to be more environmentally
friendly, and sometimes cheaper, than
building materials such as steel or
concrete.
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Next generation wood products
Further developments include new lignin glue applications,
recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement
applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high
strength fabrics or composites.
Furniture and utensils
Wood has always been used extensively for furniture,including chairs and beds. Also for tool handles and cutlery,
such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the
wooden spoon. Artists can use wood to create delicate
sculptures. String instruments like Bow is also made from
brazilwood.
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In January 2010 Italian scientists
announced that wood could be
harnessed to become a bonesubstitute. It is likely to take at least
five years until this technique will be
applied for humans
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SEASONING OF WOOD
Seasoning is the process of drying out the timber to a
moisture content approximately equal to average humidity
of situation where it is to be used.
Seasoning of wood is the process of removing down the
natural moisture content of wood, seasoning should the
planned in such a way that evaporation of water from the
outer layer and the movement of water from the interior to
the outer surface in balanced.
It has mainly 2 methods :
NATURAL METHOD.
ARTIFICIAL METHOD
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ADVANTAGES OF SEASONING
Seasoning makes wood resistive against decay due to
borers, termites, fungi etc.
Reduces weight to wood and hence saves cost of
transportation. Makes wood strong, stiff and hard makes wood receptive for
paint, varnishes and preservative.
Reduce shrinkage of wood.
Makes wood easily workable.
Reduce chances of warping and cracking of wood. Increases resistive power of wood electricity.
Wood can be easily used as fuel.
Increases durability of wood.
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NATU AL SEASONING
The traditional method of seasoning timber was
to stack it in air and let the heat of atmosphere and
the natural air movement around the stacked timber
remove the moisture. The process has undergone a
number of refinements over the years that have
made it more efficient and reduced the quantity of
wood that was damaged by drying too quickly near
the ends in air seasoning.
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The BASIC PRINCIPLE is to stack timber so thatplenty of air can circulate around each piece.
The timber is stacked with wide spaces
between each piece horizontally, and with
strips of wood between each layer ensuring
that there is a vertical seperation too.
It is necessarily a slow process, particularly for
hardwoods, typically taking 6 to 9 months to
reach moisture .
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ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL SEASONING
Requires minimum supervision.
Economical.
Suitable for thick as well as thin sections.
Draw backs:
Process is slow. Takes 1 to 4 years for seasoning.
No control over neutral air.
Moisture content cannot be brought to desired level.
There are chances of attack of insects, fungi duringseasoning.
During is not uniform.
More space is required.
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A TIFI IAL SEASONING
The process of drying of removing moisture from woodthrough different ways .
Kiln Seasoning
Chemical Seasoning
Electrical Seasoning
Seasoning by boiling
Water Seasoning
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ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL SEASONING
Reduction in seasoning period
Seasoning up to desired moisture content Possibility of different drying condition for
different types of wood.
Reduction of different cracking, warping,
shrinking during seasoning. No changes of attack by insects.
Even and uniform drying.
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KILN SEASONING
Seasoning kiln is a closed air tight space, fitted with heatingdevices and water or steam supply. Temperature is controlled by
heating air. These are two types of kiln.
Progressive
Compartment
1. Progressive kiln:
Wood is kept in air gaps in between, in carriage which travels
from one end of kiln to other. Hot air is blown from the other endwhich moves in the direction opposite to the movement of the
wood.
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2. Compartment kiln:
Wood is kept in air tight shed with
sufficient air gap in between
planks, for air circulation.Temperature is low and humidity is
more in initial stage. After some
time temperature is raised,
humidity is reduced; air circulation
is now made faster.
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SEASONING BYBOILING
Wood is immersed in water is kept boiling for four to fivehours. Sap is washed out. Wood is taken kept under shed
for drying. This is a quick seasoning method but strength
and elasticity of wood are reduces strength of wood. It is not
commercial.
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WATER SEASONING
Wood is cut in to pieces and pieces are
kept immersed in running water. After
2 to 4 week period the pieces are
taken out dried under shed. Sap of thewood gets washed away. Planks are
less liable to wrap or crack but the
wood becomes brittle and weak. Thiswood cant be used frequently due to its
weakness.
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CHEMICAL SEASONING
In this method ,the wood is immersed in
solution of suitable salt which absorbs
the moisture content from inside of
timber. The timber is then taken out and
seasoned by ordinary way ( air
seasoning) . Since the interior surface of
wood dries in advance of exterior one
and therefore, the chances of formation
of external cracks are reduced.
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ELECTRICAL SEASONING
It is a fact that a green wood offers lessresistance to the flow of electric currentas compared to a dry wood. In otherwords, a hard wood offers more
resistance to the flow of current than asoftwood since resistance of current isinversely proportional to the moisturecontent in the wood. Therefore high
frequency alternating currents whichproduce heat are used to dry out thetimber. This method is costly so it cant beused on large scale.
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SOFTWOOD
Shevan
Sycamor
Devdar (fir tree)
Limbado
Newzealand
White beach
Steam beach
Mango
Kapoor (red sal)
TYPES OF WOOD.
HARDWOOD
Mahogany
Burma teak
Valsadi teak
White sal
Shisham
White cedarGhana teak
Sapeli
Sandal wood
Haldu kalam
Red pine
PipdoBhindi
Beo
White ash
Burma border
Wenge
Babool
Sal
Malesia teak
KherChid
Walnut
Boro teak
Ebony
Maple
SadadoNigeria teak
white oak
Kinay
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SY A O E
SoftwoodType
Pink brownColour
Central Europe, Southwestern
Asia, Eastern France, Ukraine,Northern Spain, Northern Turkey.Source
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sycamore has the largestleaf of any tree native tonorth America.
Properties
decorative furniture, woodflooring, musical instrument.Uses
Rs. 1750/-CFT
MarketRate
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They are more durable.Properties
Furniture, Window frames,Paneling, Wood Flooring,Roof
Uses
Rs. 430/- CFT
MarketRate
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DEODAR
SoftwoodType
Yellowish brownolo r
Himalayas, P njab,Uttar PradeshSo rce
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It can be easily worked, it ismoderate, lt is moderately strong.It possesses distinct annual rings.
Properties
Cheap furniture, railway carriages,railway sleepers, packing boxes,structural work.
Uses
Rs. 650/- CFT
MarketRate
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MANGO
HardwoodType
Deep greyColor
Throughout IndiaSource
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It is easy to work, it maintains itsshape well, it is moderately strong.
Properties
building structure support, Cheapfurniture, Toys, Cabinet work,Panels for doors and windows.
Uses
Mangifera.
Botanicalname
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SANDALWOOD
HardwoodType
White or Red.Colour
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh,Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa.
Source
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SantalumBotanical
name
Agricultural instruments, Wellcurbs, Wheels, Mallets. .Uses
Rs 5000 to 5500/-CFTMarket
Rate
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WENGE
hardwood.Types
dark brown to black with fineblack.Color
Republic of Congo,Cameroon, Gabon,Equatorial Guinea.
Source
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It is a tropical timber, Very dark incolor with a strong partridgepattern, hard and heavy.
Properties
Musical instruments, Archery
bows, Wood canes, Rails, Pinblocks, Flooring, Staircase.
Uses
Rs 4300/-CFTMarket Rate
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MA OGANY
HardwoodTypes
Reddish brown.Colour
India, Fiji, Bangladesh,Indonesia, DominicanRepublic, Belize
Source
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EBONY
HardwoodTypes
Black or dark coloured.Colour
India, Sri Lanka,Indonesia, Western Africa.Source
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BAMBOO
Hardwood.Type
Light brownColour
Assam, Bengal.Source
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It is flexible, very strong anddurable.Properties
Scaffoldings, Thatched roofs,Rafters, Temporary bridges.
Uses
Rs 70 to 80 /-CFTMarketRate
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PEEPAL
HardwoodTy s
Ficus r ligiosa.BOTANI AL
NAME
India, Pakistan, Nepal,Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
hina.Source
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S IS AM
Hardwood.Types
Dark Red.olo r
Maharashtra, Mysore, Assam,Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa
So rce
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It is strong, tough, durable . Itmaintains its shape well, can be easilyseasoned, it takes a fine polish.
Properties
Furniture, Bridge piles, Sport goods,Railway sleepers.Uses
Rs 2000 to 3000/-CFTMarketRate
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BU MA TEAK
HardwoodType
Brown, Golden,Reddish brownColour
Bur aSource
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It is straight glained, has coarseuneven textures. It is hard and heavywith moderate bending strength.
Properties
Flooring, Paneling, Furniture.Uses
Rs.3600/-CFTMarketRate
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G ANA TEAK
HARDWOODType
Yellow, Orangebrown.Colour
AFRICASource
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KAPU
HARDWOODType
Yellow ColourColour
MALASIASource
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VERY STRONGProperties
Construction work, Joinery,
FurnitureUses
Rs.750 to 950 /-CFTMarket
Rate
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VALSADI TEAK
HardwoodTypes
BROWNColour
Valsad, Saputara, SongadhPurpose : Furniture, WindowFrames, Door Frames.
Sources
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It is one of the strongest teakwood in theworld. It is durable, Smooth finished withextreme weather resistance.
Properties
Furniture, Window Frames, Door Frames.Uses
Rs.800 to 1500/-CFTMarket
Rate
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STEEM BEE
HardwoodType
Creamy white to bond colorSourceColour
Sweden,italy,france,england,spain,turkeySource
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Resistance to shock loads, Promotes
good finishes, Light weight , Highefficiency,Ideal for molding due tomachining abilities.
Properties
Cabinate making , Furniture making bothsolid and laminated , Flooring, turnery ,
Vehicle body , Interior joinery,
Uses
Rs 1250/-CFTMarketRate
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BU MA BO DE
HARDWOODType
Yelloish n redishbrownColour
B RMASource
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It is highly durable, Termiteproof, Low maintenance,Resistant to harsh environment.
Properties
Furniture, Boat decks,Decorative articles.Uses
Rs 1800/-CFTMarket
Rate
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W ITE AS (AME I AN AS )
HardwoodType
WhiteColour
Cape Breton island , Nova Scotia ,Northern Florida , EasternMinnesota , Eastern Texas
Source
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Tough , Strong and HighlyResistant to shock .properties
base ball bat, Making
handles ,Oar.Uses
Rs 1600 /- .CFTMarketRate
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MAPLE
HardwoodType
Maple flowers are of green, yellow ,Orange , Red .Colour
Europe, Northern America,Northern Africa.Source
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Uniform texture , Heavy , Strong , stiff,Hard and resistance to shock and highshrinkage.
Properties
Dried wood for Smoking of Wood,Agriculture, Decorative furniture,
commercially used as Maple syrup ,Bowling pins , Musical instruments .Uses
Rs 1800 to 2000 /- CFT.MarketRate
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W ITE BEA
HardwoodType
WhiteColour
Eastern North America , southOntario in southern eastern Canada.Colour : white.
Source
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It is Heavy , Strongand Tough.
Properties
a inet a ing ,FurnitureUses
RS 1350/- FTMar et
Rate
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BABUL
BabulTypes
Whitish RedColour
Maharashtra, AndhraPradesh, Tamil Nadu, MadhyaPradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh
Source
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It is strong, hard and tough.It takes up a good polish.Properties
Bodies and Wheels ofBullock cart, Well curbs,Agricultural instruments.
Uses
rs 450/- CFTMarketRate
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MANGO
HARDWOODType
DEEPLY GREY.Colour
ALLOVER INDIA.Source
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It is easy to work, it maintains itsshape well. it is moderately strong.Properties
Cheap furniture, toys, cabinet works,panels for doors and windows.Uses
RS 1350/-CFTMarket
Rate
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WALNUT
HardwoodType
creamy white to darkchocolate colour, novelties,cabinate and wall panalling
Colour
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,Bihar, Uttar Pradesh
Source
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creamy white to darkchocolate colour, novelties,cabinate and wall panalling
Properties
Gunstock, Solid andveneered furnitureUses
Rs.2350/-CFTMarketRate
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SAPELE
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SAPELE
HardwoodType
Dark reddishbrown.Colour
Tropical AfricaSource
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Its leaves are decidiousin dry season.
Properties
Guitar manufacture,Car interior
Uses
Rs 1750/-CftMarketRate
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S EVEN
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S EVEN
SoftwoodTypes
WhiteColour
Dang forestSource
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It has less knots, bandingcan be done done by givingproper support.
Properties
decorative furniture, carving,sculpture, temple, ceiling,wall paneling.
Uses
Rs. 800 to 1000/-CFTMarketRate
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RED PINE
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RED PINE
HardwoodType
ReddishColour
North America ,West VirginiaSource
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The leaves are needle like ,dark green , low geneticvariations.
Properties
Landscaping.Uses
Rs 400/- CFTMarketRate
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LIST OF S OPS VISITED
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LIST OF S OPS VISITED.
Pragati Udhna, Magdalla road
Shree Hari plywood Bhatar
Doramnath Udhna, Magdalla road
Shivam Udhna, Magadalla road
Ambica Katargam
Fakirchand Maganlal plywood Lakkadkhod area , chowk
Amardip Gandevi road , Billimora
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