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MARKET SURVEY OF

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Guided By: Ar. Riddhi Desai

Prepared By:

Mosam Choksi Pooja Mistry

Vishwa Patel

Hemangi RangrejDhruv wadiwala

Hardik Lalwala

Harshini PapaiyaDarshini Intwala

Hina Ramchandani

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INT O U TION OF WOO

Wood is a hard, fibrous tissues found in many plants

.Wood is a natural product and when usedresponsibly is a sustainable resource which need not

result in damage to the environment.

It has been used for centuries for both FUEL and as

a CONSTRUCTION material for several types of living

areas such as HOUSES.

Wood is an organic material, a natural composite of

cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin which

resists compression.

Wood may also refer to the other plant materials

with comparable properties and material made from

wood or wood chips and fiber.

If a wood is cut into longitudinal section then we can

see the KNOT and ANNUAL RINGS.

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STRUCTURE OF WOODS

The trees which grows outwards about the

centre are called EXOGENOUS TREES.

IF trunk of tree is cut in longitudinal direction ,

the ANNUAL RINGS can be seen which are

useful in predicting the age of tree.

The crosssectional parts of tree and their

functions are described below:

BARK or Outer skin : It is outermost portion

of tree . The outer bark protects the tree

from high temperature and mechanical

harm.

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Inner bark : The inner bark covering the cambium layer protects

cambium layer from any injury and also supplies food to those parts

where it is needed most.

CAMBIUM LAYER : This layer of sap between inner bark and sap wood is

known as CAMBIUM LAYER. This layer makes bark on the outer side and

wood on inner side.

SAPWOOD : The outer annual rings between cambium layer and heartwood are known as SAP WOOD. It is usually light in color and weight as

compared to heartwood.

HEARTWOOD : the annual rings between sap wood and pith forms the

HEARTWOOD.

PITH : It is the innermost portion of tree. It is very soft portion and

varies in size and shape .

ANNUAL RING : The rings that determine how long a tree will live.

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T EE A T

EXOGENOUS

HARDWOOD

SOFTWOOD

ENDOGENOUS

DECIDIOUS

CONIFEROUS

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It is also known as INWARD GROWING TREE .

The former is the class of the trees which include all

the commercial timbers used for building purpose and

the latter class includes such as PALMS and BAMBOOS

are not suitable for engineering use .

The roots of the trees are generally embedded in

earth.

Endogenous timber is not suitable as structural timber.

Example of endogenous trees are bamboo, palm, cane

etc.

EN OGENOUS T EES

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HARDWOOD

Hardwood trees are generally BROADLEAF trees. These

tree species are Deciduous, retaining their leaves only in

one growing season. they loose their leaves only in winter

The designation hardwood trees does not necessarily

relate to the hardness of the wood.

Typical hardwood trees include ash, elms, oak, maple,

walnut, hickory, mahogany, and walnut.

Woods grown in tropical climates are generallyhardwoods. They continually grow till they mature i.e 50

or more years.

Hardwood have shorter fibers compared to softwood.

Some hardwoods are evergreen.

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SOFTWOOD

Softwoods are one of the botanical groups of trees that

has persistent needle-like or scale-like leaves ; softwoods

are Coniferous trees which are evergreen keeping their

leaves throughout the year and have longer-length fibers

than hardwoods.

Softwood trees include pines, spruces, firs , cedars.

The yew is one of the few softwoods that is native to the

UK.

There are a number of softwoods (yew)that are harder

and tougher than many hardwoods.

Larches, including tamarack, are exceptions, being

deciduous "softwoods".

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A horizontal section

through 1 yr. growth

of a horizontalgrowth in a

temperature zone.

A greatly enlarged

vertical section ofSoftwood.

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DIFFE EN E BETWEEN

A DWOODAND SOFTWOOD

PROPERTIES HARDWOOD SOFTWOOD

Definition Comes from deciduous

trees that drop their

leaves every year.

Trees that are conifer and

have needles, and

normally do not lose

needles.

Properties Broad leaves, enclosed

nuts, higher density

Less dense, less durable,

high calorific values,

coniferous trees

Found in regions Trees supplying hardwood

are found throughout the

world from the boreal and

taiga forests of the north

to the tropics and down

into the far south.

Found in northern

hemisphere.

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Annual Rings In this wood ,rings are

near to each other and

are more in nos.

In this wood ,rings are

scarce and far from

each other.

Fire resistance capacity Hardwood burn hardly, ittakes more time to

burn.

It burns quickly, and itdoesn't take more time.

Structure Hardwood trees comes

from deciduous trees,

which has broad leaf. itis more dense.

Softwood comes from

conifers trees, usually

has pointed leaf. Usuallyit is less dense.

Applications Used for trimmings and

furniture but less

frequently then

softwood.

Widely used as

woodware for building

(homes/ cabins) and

furniture.

Cost Hardwood is typically

more expensive then

softwood

Softwood is typically

less expensive

compared to hardwood

Growth rate Hardwood has a slower

growth rate

Softwood has a faster

rate of growth

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USES OF WOOD

Fuel

Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continuesto this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is

preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and

burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to home is often

felt to add ambiance and warmth.

Construction

Wood can be cut into straight planks and made into a

wood flooring.

The Saitta House, Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York

built in 1899 is made of and decorated in wood.

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Wood has been an important

construction material since humans

began building shelters, houses and

boats. Wood to be used for construction

work is commonly known as lumber in

North America. It is also used in woodcut

printmaking, and for engraving.

Certain types of musical instruments,

such as those of the violin family, the

guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the

xylophone, and the marimba, are made

mostly or entirely of wood.

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Engineered wood

Wood used in construction includes

products such as glued laminatedtimber (glulam), laminated veneer

lumber (LVL), parallam and I-joists. On

the one hand these allow the use of

smaller pieces, and on the other hand

allow bigger spans. They may also beselected for specific projects such as

public swimming pools or ice rinks

where the wood will not deteriorate in

the presence of certain chemicals.

These engineered wood products

prove to be more environmentally

friendly, and sometimes cheaper, than

building materials such as steel or

concrete.

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Next generation wood products

Further developments include new lignin glue applications,

recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement

applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high

strength fabrics or composites.

Furniture and utensils

Wood has always been used extensively for furniture,including chairs and beds. Also for tool handles and cutlery,

such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the

wooden spoon. Artists can use wood to create delicate

sculptures. String instruments like Bow is also made from

brazilwood.

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In January 2010 Italian scientists

announced that wood could be

harnessed to become a bonesubstitute. It is likely to take at least

five years until this technique will be

applied for humans

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SEASONING OF WOOD

Seasoning is the process of drying out the timber to a

moisture content approximately equal to average humidity

of situation where it is to be used.

Seasoning of wood is the process of removing down the

natural moisture content of wood, seasoning should the

planned in such a way that evaporation of water from the

outer layer and the movement of water from the interior to

the outer surface in balanced.

It has mainly 2 methods :

NATURAL METHOD.

ARTIFICIAL METHOD

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ADVANTAGES OF SEASONING

Seasoning makes wood resistive against decay due to

borers, termites, fungi etc.

Reduces weight to wood and hence saves cost of

transportation. Makes wood strong, stiff and hard makes wood receptive for

paint, varnishes and preservative.

Reduce shrinkage of wood.

Makes wood easily workable.

Reduce chances of warping and cracking of wood. Increases resistive power of wood electricity.

Wood can be easily used as fuel.

Increases durability of wood.

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NATU AL SEASONING

The traditional method of seasoning timber was

to stack it in air and let the heat of atmosphere and

the natural air movement around the stacked timber

remove the moisture. The process has undergone a

number of refinements over the years that have

made it more efficient and reduced the quantity of

wood that was damaged by drying too quickly near

the ends in air seasoning.

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The BASIC PRINCIPLE is to stack timber so thatplenty of air can circulate around each piece.

The timber is stacked with wide spaces

between each piece horizontally, and with

strips of wood between each layer ensuring

that there is a vertical seperation too.

It is necessarily a slow process, particularly for

hardwoods, typically taking 6 to 9 months to

reach moisture .

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ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL SEASONING

Requires minimum supervision.

Economical.

Suitable for thick as well as thin sections.

Draw backs:

Process is slow. Takes 1 to 4 years for seasoning.

No control over neutral air.

Moisture content cannot be brought to desired level.

There are chances of attack of insects, fungi duringseasoning.

During is not uniform.

More space is required.

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A TIFI IAL SEASONING

The process of drying of removing moisture from woodthrough different ways .

Kiln Seasoning

Chemical Seasoning

Electrical Seasoning

Seasoning by boiling

Water Seasoning

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ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL SEASONING

Reduction in seasoning period

Seasoning up to desired moisture content Possibility of different drying condition for

different types of wood.

Reduction of different cracking, warping,

shrinking during seasoning. No changes of attack by insects.

Even and uniform drying.

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KILN SEASONING

Seasoning kiln is a closed air tight space, fitted with heatingdevices and water or steam supply. Temperature is controlled by

heating air. These are two types of kiln.

Progressive

Compartment

1. Progressive kiln:

Wood is kept in air gaps in between, in carriage which travels

from one end of kiln to other. Hot air is blown from the other endwhich moves in the direction opposite to the movement of the

wood.

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2. Compartment kiln:

Wood is kept in air tight shed with

sufficient air gap in between

planks, for air circulation.Temperature is low and humidity is

more in initial stage. After some

time temperature is raised,

humidity is reduced; air circulation

is now made faster.

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SEASONING BYBOILING

Wood is immersed in water is kept boiling for four to fivehours. Sap is washed out. Wood is taken kept under shed

for drying. This is a quick seasoning method but strength

and elasticity of wood are reduces strength of wood. It is not

commercial.

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WATER SEASONING

Wood is cut in to pieces and pieces are

kept immersed in running water. After

2 to 4 week period the pieces are

taken out dried under shed. Sap of thewood gets washed away. Planks are

less liable to wrap or crack but the

wood becomes brittle and weak. Thiswood cant be used frequently due to its

weakness.

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CHEMICAL SEASONING

In this method ,the wood is immersed in

solution of suitable salt which absorbs

the moisture content from inside of

timber. The timber is then taken out and

seasoned by ordinary way ( air

seasoning) . Since the interior surface of

wood dries in advance of exterior one

and therefore, the chances of formation

of external cracks are reduced.

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ELECTRICAL SEASONING

It is a fact that a green wood offers lessresistance to the flow of electric currentas compared to a dry wood. In otherwords, a hard wood offers more

resistance to the flow of current than asoftwood since resistance of current isinversely proportional to the moisturecontent in the wood. Therefore high

frequency alternating currents whichproduce heat are used to dry out thetimber. This method is costly so it cant beused on large scale.

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SOFTWOOD

Shevan

Sycamor

Devdar (fir tree)

Limbado

Newzealand

White beach

Steam beach

Mango

Kapoor (red sal)

TYPES OF WOOD.

HARDWOOD

Mahogany

Burma teak

Valsadi teak

White sal

Shisham

White cedarGhana teak

Sapeli

Sandal wood

Haldu kalam

Red pine

PipdoBhindi

Beo

White ash

Burma border

Wenge

Babool

Sal

Malesia teak

KherChid

Walnut

Boro teak

Ebony

Maple

SadadoNigeria teak

white oak

Kinay

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SY A O E

SoftwoodType

Pink brownColour

Central Europe, Southwestern

Asia, Eastern France, Ukraine,Northern Spain, Northern Turkey.Source

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sycamore has the largestleaf of any tree native tonorth America.

Properties

decorative furniture, woodflooring, musical instrument.Uses

Rs. 1750/-CFT

MarketRate

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They are more durable.Properties

Furniture, Window frames,Paneling, Wood Flooring,Roof

Uses

Rs. 430/- CFT

MarketRate

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DEODAR

SoftwoodType

Yellowish brownolo r

Himalayas, P njab,Uttar PradeshSo rce

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It can be easily worked, it ismoderate, lt is moderately strong.It possesses distinct annual rings.

Properties

Cheap furniture, railway carriages,railway sleepers, packing boxes,structural work.

Uses

Rs. 650/- CFT

MarketRate

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MANGO

HardwoodType

Deep greyColor

Throughout IndiaSource

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It is easy to work, it maintains itsshape well, it is moderately strong.

Properties

building structure support, Cheapfurniture, Toys, Cabinet work,Panels for doors and windows.

Uses

Mangifera.

Botanicalname

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SANDALWOOD

HardwoodType

White or Red.Colour

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh,Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa.

Source

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SantalumBotanical

name

Agricultural instruments, Wellcurbs, Wheels, Mallets. .Uses

Rs 5000 to 5500/-CFTMarket

Rate

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WENGE

hardwood.Types

dark brown to black with fineblack.Color

Republic of Congo,Cameroon, Gabon,Equatorial Guinea.

Source

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It is a tropical timber, Very dark incolor with a strong partridgepattern, hard and heavy.

Properties

Musical instruments, Archery

bows, Wood canes, Rails, Pinblocks, Flooring, Staircase.

Uses

Rs 4300/-CFTMarket Rate

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MA OGANY

HardwoodTypes

Reddish brown.Colour

India, Fiji, Bangladesh,Indonesia, DominicanRepublic, Belize

Source

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EBONY

HardwoodTypes

Black or dark coloured.Colour

India, Sri Lanka,Indonesia, Western Africa.Source

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BAMBOO

Hardwood.Type

Light brownColour

Assam, Bengal.Source

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It is flexible, very strong anddurable.Properties

Scaffoldings, Thatched roofs,Rafters, Temporary bridges.

Uses

Rs 70 to 80 /-CFTMarketRate

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PEEPAL

HardwoodTy s

Ficus r ligiosa.BOTANI AL

NAME

India, Pakistan, Nepal,Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,

hina.Source

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S IS AM

Hardwood.Types

Dark Red.olo r

Maharashtra, Mysore, Assam,Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa

So rce

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It is strong, tough, durable . Itmaintains its shape well, can be easilyseasoned, it takes a fine polish.

Properties

Furniture, Bridge piles, Sport goods,Railway sleepers.Uses

Rs 2000 to 3000/-CFTMarketRate

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BU MA TEAK

HardwoodType

Brown, Golden,Reddish brownColour

Bur aSource

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It is straight glained, has coarseuneven textures. It is hard and heavywith moderate bending strength.

Properties

Flooring, Paneling, Furniture.Uses

Rs.3600/-CFTMarketRate

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G ANA TEAK

HARDWOODType

Yellow, Orangebrown.Colour

AFRICASource

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KAPU

HARDWOODType

Yellow ColourColour

MALASIASource

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VERY STRONGProperties

Construction work, Joinery,

FurnitureUses

Rs.750 to 950 /-CFTMarket

Rate

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VALSADI TEAK

HardwoodTypes

BROWNColour

Valsad, Saputara, SongadhPurpose : Furniture, WindowFrames, Door Frames.

Sources

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It is one of the strongest teakwood in theworld. It is durable, Smooth finished withextreme weather resistance.

Properties

Furniture, Window Frames, Door Frames.Uses

Rs.800 to 1500/-CFTMarket

Rate

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STEEM BEE

HardwoodType

Creamy white to bond colorSourceColour

Sweden,italy,france,england,spain,turkeySource

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Resistance to shock loads, Promotes

good finishes, Light weight , Highefficiency,Ideal for molding due tomachining abilities.

Properties

Cabinate making , Furniture making bothsolid and laminated , Flooring, turnery ,

Vehicle body , Interior joinery,

Uses

Rs 1250/-CFTMarketRate

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BU MA BO DE

HARDWOODType

Yelloish n redishbrownColour

B RMASource

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It is highly durable, Termiteproof, Low maintenance,Resistant to harsh environment.

Properties

Furniture, Boat decks,Decorative articles.Uses

Rs 1800/-CFTMarket

Rate

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W ITE AS (AME I AN AS )

HardwoodType

WhiteColour

Cape Breton island , Nova Scotia ,Northern Florida , EasternMinnesota , Eastern Texas

Source

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Tough , Strong and HighlyResistant to shock .properties

base ball bat, Making

handles ,Oar.Uses

Rs 1600 /- .CFTMarketRate

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MAPLE

HardwoodType

Maple flowers are of green, yellow ,Orange , Red .Colour

Europe, Northern America,Northern Africa.Source

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Uniform texture , Heavy , Strong , stiff,Hard and resistance to shock and highshrinkage.

Properties

Dried wood for Smoking of Wood,Agriculture, Decorative furniture,

commercially used as Maple syrup ,Bowling pins , Musical instruments .Uses

Rs 1800 to 2000 /- CFT.MarketRate

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W ITE BEA

HardwoodType

WhiteColour

Eastern North America , southOntario in southern eastern Canada.Colour : white.

Source

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It is Heavy , Strongand Tough.

Properties

a inet a ing ,FurnitureUses

RS 1350/- FTMar et

Rate

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BABUL

BabulTypes

Whitish RedColour

Maharashtra, AndhraPradesh, Tamil Nadu, MadhyaPradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh

Source

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It is strong, hard and tough.It takes up a good polish.Properties

Bodies and Wheels ofBullock cart, Well curbs,Agricultural instruments.

Uses

rs 450/- CFTMarketRate

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MANGO

HARDWOODType

DEEPLY GREY.Colour

ALLOVER INDIA.Source

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It is easy to work, it maintains itsshape well. it is moderately strong.Properties

Cheap furniture, toys, cabinet works,panels for doors and windows.Uses

RS 1350/-CFTMarket

Rate

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WALNUT

HardwoodType

creamy white to darkchocolate colour, novelties,cabinate and wall panalling

Colour

Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,Bihar, Uttar Pradesh

Source

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creamy white to darkchocolate colour, novelties,cabinate and wall panalling

Properties

Gunstock, Solid andveneered furnitureUses

Rs.2350/-CFTMarketRate

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SAPELE

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SAPELE

HardwoodType

Dark reddishbrown.Colour

Tropical AfricaSource

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Its leaves are decidiousin dry season.

Properties

Guitar manufacture,Car interior

Uses

Rs 1750/-CftMarketRate

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S EVEN

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S EVEN

SoftwoodTypes

WhiteColour

Dang forestSource

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It has less knots, bandingcan be done done by givingproper support.

Properties

decorative furniture, carving,sculpture, temple, ceiling,wall paneling.

Uses

Rs. 800 to 1000/-CFTMarketRate

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RED PINE

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RED PINE

HardwoodType

ReddishColour

North America ,West VirginiaSource

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The leaves are needle like ,dark green , low geneticvariations.

Properties

Landscaping.Uses

Rs 400/- CFTMarketRate

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LIST OF S OPS VISITED

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LIST OF S OPS VISITED.

Pragati Udhna, Magdalla road

Shree Hari plywood Bhatar

Doramnath Udhna, Magdalla road

Shivam Udhna, Magadalla road

Ambica Katargam

Fakirchand Maganlal plywood Lakkadkhod area , chowk

Amardip Gandevi road , Billimora

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