What role for MPF in any new arrangements?
2 March 2016
Darren McShane Chief Regulation & Policy Officer and Executive Director, Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority. Chairman, International Organization of Pension Supervisors, Technical Committee
Issue is NOT :
MPF vs/or a public pension
Main Issue should be seen as :
What type of public pension can best supplement other pillars (including MPF)
Public Consultation on Retirement Protection by the Commission on Poverty (“CoP”)
2
Is there a preferred global methodology for retirement income security?
3
Yes there is – it has the following elements:
• retirement income sources should be diversified
• there must be a balance between individual responsibility and government provision
• pre-funding is better but PAYG inevitable at least transitionally
World Bank’s Five-Pillar Framework
In 2015, the World Bank expanded the three-pillar framework (introduced in 1994) into a five-pillar framework
Arrangement of pillars subject to local circumstances of jurisdiction
MPF is a second pillar system
4
Replacement rates in public pensions
41.3
-7
3
13
23
33
43
53
63
73
83
Ch
ile
Icel
and
Mex
ico
Isra
el
Au
stra
lia
Den
mar
k
Un
ited
Kin
gdo
m
Swit
zerl
and
Net
her
lan
ds
Est
on
ia
Irel
and
Jap
an
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Can
ada
Swed
en
Ger
man
y
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vak
Rep
ub
lic
Ko
rea
New
Zea
lan
d
OE
CD
34
Po
lan
d
No
rway
Bel
giu
m
Cze
ch R
epu
bli
c
Fra
nce
Fin
lan
d
Hu
nga
ry
Gre
ece
Ital
y
Po
rtu
gal
Tu
rkey
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Au
stri
a
Spai
n
5
Source: OECD, Pensions at a Glance, 2015
Public Pension Systems vs. Private Pension Systems
Replacement rates total pensions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 C
hil
e
Icel
and
Mex
ico
Isra
el
Au
stra
lia
Den
mar
k
UK
Swit
zerl
and
Net
her
lan
ds
Est
on
ia
Irel
and
Jap
an
US
A
Can
ada
Swed
en
Ger
man
y
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vak
Rep
Ko
rea
N Z
eala
nd
Po
lan
d
No
rway
Bel
giu
m
Cze
ch R
epu
bli
c
Fra
nce
Fin
lan
d
Hu
nga
ry
Gre
ece
Ital
y
Po
rtu
gal
Tu
rkey
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Au
stri
a
Spai
n
6
Many better systems are highly reliant on private pensions
Source: OECD, Pensions at a Glance, 2015
27
95
57
71 64 64
39 21
21 13
73
5 4 3 15
23
5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Chile France Netherlands Norway United Kingdom United States
Public Pension Funded Pensions Based on Rights Funded Pensions Based on Assets Other
Public Pensions vs. Private Pensions (As a % of Total Pension Income)
7 Source: OECD. (2014). Saving for retirement and the role of private pensions in retirement readiness.
Retirement income sources vary across countries
Evolution of Second Pillar Systems
1981: Chile implemented the first mandatory second pillar system
2014: Mandatory 2nd pillar systems were in operation in 32 jurisdictions
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
19
81
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
08
20
10
20
11
20
14
1 2 3 4 5 6 8
10 11 13
17 19 20
22 24
27 29
31 32
Evolution of Second Pillar Systems
Source: MPFA. (2015). Towards Retirement Security.
Evolution of Second Pillar Systems (cont’d)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Growth of Assets in Mandatory 2nd Pillar Systems
9
Total accumulated assets increased from US$411 billion in 1999 to US$2,018 billion in 2012
Notes: 1. The chart includes data of 24 jurisdictions from 1999 (or the year that the data is available) to 2012. These jurisdictions are
Australia, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia (since 2005), Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Estonia (since 2008), Hong Kong (MPF schemes), Kazakhstan, Kosovo (since 2006), Latvia (since 2004), Lithuania (since 2008), Macedonia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation (since 2004), Slovakia (since 2007), Sweden (since 2002) and Uruguay.
2. Data as of December each year, except Australia (as of June).
Source: MPFA. (2015). Towards Retirement Security.
Evolution of Second Pillar Systems (cont’d)
Jurisdiction Year
2002 2012
Australia 68.7 91.4
Bulgaria 1.0 7.3
Chile 52.8 59.8
Colombia 6.4 18.2
Costa Rica 4.8 9.8
Croatia 1.1 16.3
El Salvador 7.4 28.8
Estonia 0.2 8.5
Hong Kong (MPF) 4.2 21.6
Mexico 4.6 14.1
Uruguay 8.4 19.4
10
Growth of pension fund assets has an increasing impact on the economies of different jurisdictions
Source: MPFA. (2015). Towards Retirement Security.
Pension Fund Assets as a % of GDP
Driving Forces for Development of Second Pillar Systems
Maintaining financial sustainability
Coping with the issue of ageing population
Actuarial fairness
Generating economic benefits
11 Source: MPFA. (2015). Towards Retirement Security.
Role of MPF in HK’s Retirement Protection Framework
12
HK’s Retirement Protection in the Context of the World Bank’s Five-Pillar Framework
13
Pillar World Bank Hong Kong 0 Non-contributory, publicly financed and
managed system that provides a minimal level of protection for retirement
Old Age Allowance Old Age Living Allowance Disability Allowance Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme
1 Mandatory, contributory and publicly managed system
-
2 Mandatory, privately managed, fully funded contribution system
MPF schemes ORSO schemes Civil Service Pension System Grant Schools and Subsidized Schools Provident Funds
3 Voluntary savings Voluntary MPF contributions Top-up ORSO schemes Personal savings/investment Life insurance Annuities
4 Informal support, other formal social programmes, and other individual assets
Family support Public health care Elderly health care voucher Elderly care services Public housing Reverse mortgage Public transport fare concession scheme for the elderly
and eligible persons with disabilities
Source: MPFA. (2015). Towards Retirement Security.
Objective Help the employed population to save for retirement
Salient Features
Mandatory and Employment-based System
Help ensure that each working individual sets aside some retirement savings
Help ensure that each generation takes care of part of its own arrangements for retirement protection
Management by Private Entities
Schemes operated through market mechanism
Competition among private entities tends to increase efficiency, working to the benefit of members
Objective and Salient Features of MPF
14
Defined-contribution, Individual Account System
Mandatory contributions made to a member’s MPF account
Amount of a member’s accrued benefits subject to the amount of contribution plus any investment return
Members eligible to withdraw only savings accumulated in their own accounts upon retirement
Individual Savings as the Source of Financing
Fully-funded/vested: Assets originated from contributions - fully vested in member’s account
Financially sustainable: Not dependant on ability of 3rd party to pay
Availability of the MPF System could reduce stress on government pillars
Objective and Salient Features of MPF (cont’d)
15
Scope Limitations of MPF
As a second pillar system, the MPF System is intended to provide basic retirement protection for the employed population of HK
Deliberate scope limitations of MPF – applies only to the employed population - never intended to be the sole source of retirement savings even for employed persons
Stronger the MPF System = less reliance on public funds
Complementary to Other Retirement Protection Pillars
16
The Need for Different Pillars to Work Together
The pillars are complementary
Pillars need to work together to provide for total retirement savings adequacy for the population
No single pillar can be an effective solution on its own
Complementary to Other Retirement Protection Pillars (Con’t)
17
Retirement Savings Generated by the MPF System
18
Before MPF was implemented:
Only about 1/3 of HK’s employed population (about 1.1 million) were covered by any occupational retirement scheme
As at 31 December 2015:
85% of HK’s employed population (about 3.2 million) were covered by MPF or some other forms of retirement schemes
The enrolment rates of relevant employees and employers are close to 100%
Coverage
19
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
3/2000 3/2001 3/2002 3/2003 3/2004 3/2005 3/2006 3/2007 3/2008 3/2009 3/2010 3/2011 3/2012 3/2013 3/2014 3/2015
En
rolm
ent R
ate
Employer Relevant Employee
Source: MPFA
As of December 2015:
Growth of Assets
20
MPF Contributions*:
$479 billion
Investment Returns#:
$112 billion
Total Asset Size:
$591 billion
* net of amount withdrawn
# net of fees and charges
Growth of Assets (cont’d)
21 Source: MPFA
Growth of MPF Assets
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
HK
$ b
illio
n
591
Growth of Assets (cont’d)
22
5,959
651
31
13,049
2,204 1,829
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Mandatory Contribution Voluntary Contribution Special Voluntary
Contribution
HK
$ M
illi
on
Amount of Mandatory and Voluntary Contributions Received
Q4 2005
Q4 2015
Source: MPFA
Substantial growth of Voluntary Contributions and Special Voluntary Contributions over the past 10 years
Major Initiatives in the Pipeline
23
If a member does not make a fund choice, his contributions will be invested in the default fund(s) designated in the scheme
Currently, the default investment arrangements are not statutorily regulated
A mosaic of constituent funds and strategies in different schemes
Investment objectives, risk levels, fee levels and investment returns of existing default investment arrangements vary widely across different schemes
The Default Investment Strategy (“DIS”)
24
Existing Default Investment Arrangements
The DIS (Cont’d)
25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Mixed Assets Fund MPF ConservativeFund
Guaranteed Fund Target Date Fund Short-term Debt and Saving Fund
Diversified into different
constituent funds
No
. of
Sch
em
es
Default Fund
An amendment bill, mandating each trustee to provide a highly-standardised, fee-controlled DIS in every scheme, was introduced into the Legislative Council in Nov 2015
If a member does not make any investment choice, his accrued benefits will be invested in the DIS
Investing assets in a globally diversified manner
Gradually reducing a member’s exposure to relatively high risk assets according to his age
The DIS (Cont’d)
26
De-risking based on age
The DIS (Cont’d)
27
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Inve
stm
en
t R
atio
Age
Core Accumulation Fund Age 65 Plus Fund
Fee Control Mechanism
The DIS (Cont’d)
28
Sponsor/Promoter
Trustee
Administrator
Investment Manager
Management Fees
0.75% of Net Asset Value
(To be adjusted in the
long term)
Custodian (non transaction-based)
Investment Arrangements
All members may choose the DIS
DIS CFs will also be made available as stand-alone CFs under the scheme for members’ selection
Implementation Schedule
Subject to completing the necessary legislative process and preparation work, the DIS would be introduced by the end of 2016
The DIS (Cont’d)
29
MPF involves numerous administration processes, e.g.:
processing of contributions received,
reporting of and following up with default contributions,
processing of fund transfer, and
withdrawal requests, etc.
Efficiency of scheme administration has a great bearing on the administration costs of the MPF System
Some short-term measures have been adopted:
getting trustees to offer low-fee funds,
working with trustees to merge less efficient schemes and funds,
Encouraging members to consolidate personal accounts, and
facilitating further automation and streamlining of administrative processes
Standardization, Streamlining and Automation of Scheme Administration
30
An independent consultant appointed to conduct a study on different options to streamline, standardize and automate scheme administration by means of a centralized electronic platform (the “eMPF”) as far as possible
Objectives of the eMPF:
lower the operating costs of MPF providers,
allow employers and members to deal with various MPF matters more conveniently and efficiently, and
Provide members with better quality services
Standardization, Streamlining and Automation of Scheme Administration (Cont’d)
31
Issue is how to best design public pension system not whether we should have MPF or government pension arrangement
A matter for the Government having regard to resources and consultation outcome
Important to understand the complementary nature of pillars – pillars must work together
A balance between public and individual responsibility
A well functioning pillar 2 system is a necessary part
Private pensions have scope limitations but some advantages over public pensions
Need to optimize all pillars – including MPF
In Summary
32
~ THANK YOU ~
33
Top Related