WHAP review
Foundation
Review
The Big Thematic Picture
Theme 1: Patterns and effects of interaction
Theme 2: Dynamics of changes and continuity
Theme 3: Effects of technology, economics and demographics
Theme 4: Systems of social structure and gender structure
Theme 5: Cultural, intellectual and religious developments
Theme 6: Changes in functions and structures of states
Some Things to Remember Exchange of goods and ideas over large
distances: the Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade and the Mediterranean Trade
The discovery/use of agriculture quickened the pace of life, and organized areas into sedentary civilization
As sedentary civilizations developed, social structures and gender roles cemented
Major world religions developed during this period and spread along trade routes
Civilizations became more complex and structured as time moved on
The Bookends
8,000 BCE marks the development of Agriculture and its spread to the four “River Valley Civilizations” (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Huang He)
600 CE marks the time by which all the classic empires had fallen
Details- Neolithic Revolution
Early modern humans seemed to have developed farming over time, dropping seeds one year and then harvesting the “crops” the next. This led to settled, formal farming
Domestication and breeding of animals was also an important invention
Some humans decided to settle in villages and soon were able to create a surplus of food. This led to diversification of labor, the creation of government structures, and the payment of taxes!
Other humans chose to become pastoral nomads and move with their animal herds
Details- Technology
Metallurgy- First copper, then bronze, then iron. These increasingly harder metals aided agriculture tremendously. They also provided increasingly sophisticated weapons
Wheel- first used by the Sumerians; proved helpful in agriculture, trade and warfare
Hydrological technology- waterwheels, windmills, aqueducts proved instrumental in meeting the water needs of large populations as well as the irrigation required in drier areas
Details- Demography
World’s population increased rapidly with the advent of farming and domesticated animals
Waves of diseases “plagues” increase in frequency with increased population density
Many classic empires promote population expansion
Details- Social and Gender Structures Ownership of land signified power Kings were usually divine and had absolute
power Gender roles emerged as farming
expanded. Men worked in the fields while women stayed in the house
Who’s Your Daddy Phenomenon and women lost power
Religion cements and justifies social and gender structure
Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions
Emergence of religions- the emergence of the “Classical Age” or “Axial Age” (emergence of core belief or philosophical structures of a society)
Monumental architecture- Kings “show off” their power by building big buildings for either themselves or the state’s religion
Writing as record keeping become paramount, writing develops
Mathematics- number systems develop, India creates the “Arabic numbers and algebra”
Engineering
Details- Structure and Function of State
First- relatively small states “city-states” Then- large coercive tribute empires Empires followed Conrad Demarest model-
grow large and wealthy, then too large and fragment
Taxes paid by the farmers/ peasants for the enjoyment of the elite. Agricultural surplus allows for a large army
Trade- Can’t live without it! Trade, especially over land is important Begins as relatively informal networks Nomadic pastoralists instrumental in
development of long-distance trade Ideas, diseases, religions, goods travel Silk Road, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean Silks, Spices, Cotton travel east to west Glassware, wool and linen, olive oil travel
west to east
Movement of People
Bantu Migration across Africa Polynesian Migration across Pacific
Ocean
600-1450
Review
The Six Things to Remember1. Tremendous growth in trade due to
improvements in technology2. Major technological developments3. Movement of people greatly altered the
world4. Religion preached equality of all before God5. Spread of religion and trade acted as a
unifying force6. Political structures of many areas adapted
and changed to the new conditions of the world
The Bookends 600- great classical empires have
fallen 632- coming of Islam 1000- trade increases both by land
and sea 1450- Fall of Constantinople and
decline of Silk Roads 1450- Europe looks westward toward
the Atlantic
Details- Growth in Trade
Long Distance trade increased tremendously
Silk Road benefited from big empires and peace (Islamic Caliphate, Mongol Empire)
Indian Ocean Trade Trans-Saharan Trade Mediterranean Trade
Details- Technology Maritime
Compass (south pointing needle) Improved ship building technology (rudders,
hulls, sails) Overland
Camel saddle Stirrup
Defense Short bow gunpowder
Details- Movement of peoples Bantu peoples moved along Congo River
and further south and east in Africa. (Evidence- Bantu languages)
Vikings moved along rivers and oceans into Europe and even the new world. (Viking ships = horses of other nomads)
Turks and Mongols moved southward and westward from the steppes of Asia bringing Bubonic plague to China and Europe
Polynesian migrations with canoes to the islands in the Pacific
Details- Social Structure and Gender Structure
Religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam preached equality of all peoples (social classes as well as genders)
Societies are still very unequal and patriarchal
Some religions like Buddhism and Christianity allow women to have monastic roles, which gives them choices. Sufi Islam has leadership roles for women “sheiks”
Details- Spread of Religions and trade= spread of cultural ideas
Christianity spread in Europe and eastern Mediterranean. Unifying force during political fragmentation
Buddhism spread in Asia- especially SE Asia where islands had a trade relationship with India
Islam spread cultural and religious ideas as it expanded under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates
Confucianism spread as China’s influence grew in East and SE Asia
Details- Governments Centralized Empires
Tang and Song in China Byzantine in Eastern Mediterranean Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates in greater
Central Asia Decentralized Regions
Western Europe Japan
Mongol Empire (changed political and economic structures)
Changes and Continuities
Change: Classic empires have fallen and new ones have been created
Change: migrations of nomadic peoples cause major international changes and diffusion of ideas and diseases
Continuity: religion continues to be important and continues to spread
Continuity: trade routes continue to grow in importance
Continuity: societies continue to be patriarchal
1450-1750
6 Things to Remember Americas are included in world trade for the
first time Improvements in shipping and gunpowder
technology continue Populations are in transition New social structures emerge based on
race and gender Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe
but reinforced in China Empires are both land-based and cross
oceanic
The Bookends 1450- Beginning of European Atlantic
Empires 1450- beginning of global trade 1492- End of Islam in Europe 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship
expeditions 1750- beginning of industrialization 1750- western hemisphere
colonization peaks
Details- Going Global
Trade is extended through all parts of the world
Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes and attempts to control them through choke points- fail
Europe uses American raw materials- especially silver- to trade with Asia
Columbian Exchange
Details- Technology
Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a result of the crusades and experiments by Henry the Navigator
Improvements in gunpowder technology- muskets and cannons
Details- Demography Disease killed millions of native Americans Africans were forcibly transported to the
new world for work in plantation agriculture Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods
were brought from the new world Populations migrated to harsher climates as
food crops became available Populations migrated from the old world to
the new world
Details- Social and Gender structures
Americas- Castas system Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals)-
women in the harems wielded considerable power behind the scenes
China- power struggle between the Eunuchs and Scholar Gentry
Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions
Europe- Renaissance and Reformation reduces the power of the Catholic Church and challenges old beliefs
China ends contact with the outside world as neo-Confucianism dominates
Details- Structure and Function of State
Empire remains the predominant political structure. It is a coercive tribute system
European states such as Spain and Portugal, but also France, England and the Dutch prefect overseas empires by claiming territory in the western hemisphere
Qing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids are powerful land-based empires
Trade- Can’t live without it! Global trade is THE thing this time period Core-Periphery theory:
Core states are manufacturing states Periphery states provide raw materials Semi-periphery supply both
Three Core zones: China India West
Changes and Continuities Change: The Americas are added to world
trade network Change: Europe becomes a Maritime area Continuity: Trade is really important Continuity: Religions continue to adapt to
new times, but very important Continuity: Diffusion of ideas and diseases
as people come into contact with each other
1750-1914
Three Things to Remember Industrialization caused true world-wide
interdependence. Intensification of core-periphery concept
Populations grew and people moved from the country into the cities to work in factories
Women gained some economic opportunities with the rise of factory work, but they did not gain political or economic parity
Three more things to remember
Western culture influenced Asia and Africa, especially because of imperialism
Rise of the Proletariat as a social force Revolutions were inspired because of
the Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and natural rights
The Bookends 1750- beginning of the
industrialization with the water frame in Manchester, England
1776- first enlightenment revolution 1800’s- nationalism 1800’s- imperialism 1860- emancipation of serfs and
slaves 1914- Eve of World War I
Details- Industrialization Began in the textile industry of England but
soon spread to other industries Led to a desperate search for raw materials
especially cotton, rubber and “drug foods” Industrialized nations wanted competition-
free markets for their finished products and deliberately out-maneuvered each other as well as destroyed local competing industries to achieve this
Details- Technology New technology quickened the pace of life Life was regulated by the clock Time was standardized into time zones Calendar was standardized Postal systems and telephone and
telegraph systems were standardized Steamships and railroads made trans-
oceanic and trans-continental transport cheaper and faster
Details- Demography
Free wage laborers were more desirable than slave labor because they were cheaper and more efficient
Populations grew as disease was eradicated, hygiene improved and food became cheaper
Details- Gender and Social Structures
Emancipation of slaves and serfs- form a proletariat class in the cities or a poor peasant class in the country
Women gained economic opportunities in the factories but were not paid equally
Middle class women separated themselves from their lower class counterparts by becoming exclusively domestic
Rise of the middle class as a political and economic force
Revolutions Proletariat also begin to have more
power, especially with the organization of labor unions
Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions
African and Asian influences on European Art
Western intellectual thought- especially science and the enlightenment were highly influential to Asian and African areas
Traditional religious teachings continue to be influential and often form the backbone of anti-imperial activities
Details- Function and Structures of States
Enlightenment said that the government was needed to be responsive to the people (at least to males with property)
Some new nation-states experimented with democratic ideals (U.S., France and Britain)
Land-based empires (coercive tribute states) continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted enlightenment ideas
Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually just as justification for maintaining Creole power
Core-Periphery Again! European states- especially Britain,
Germany, France and the Netherlands become cores
They conquer colonies Old Core regions fall to semi-periphery
(China) or the periphery (India and West Asia) as they become suppliers for raw materials
Russia and Japan rise to semi-peripheral regions
Latin America and Africa remain peripheral areas
Changes and Continuities Change: Industrialization changed almost
everything- the way people worked, lived, traveled, related to their families and communicated
Change: rise of the middle class and new government structures
Continuity: religion continues to be a force for conservatism
Continuity: patriarchal gender structure remains
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