WHAP review

Foundation

Review

The Big Thematic Picture

Theme 1: Patterns and effects of interaction

Theme 2: Dynamics of changes and continuity

Theme 3: Effects of technology, economics and demographics

Theme 4: Systems of social structure and gender structure

Theme 5: Cultural, intellectual and religious developments

Theme 6: Changes in functions and structures of states

Some Things to Remember Exchange of goods and ideas over large

distances: the Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade and the Mediterranean Trade

The discovery/use of agriculture quickened the pace of life, and organized areas into sedentary civilization

As sedentary civilizations developed, social structures and gender roles cemented

Major world religions developed during this period and spread along trade routes

Civilizations became more complex and structured as time moved on

The Bookends

8,000 BCE marks the development of Agriculture and its spread to the four “River Valley Civilizations” (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Huang He)

600 CE marks the time by which all the classic empires had fallen

Details- Neolithic Revolution

Early modern humans seemed to have developed farming over time, dropping seeds one year and then harvesting the “crops” the next. This led to settled, formal farming

Domestication and breeding of animals was also an important invention

Some humans decided to settle in villages and soon were able to create a surplus of food. This led to diversification of labor, the creation of government structures, and the payment of taxes!

Other humans chose to become pastoral nomads and move with their animal herds

Details- Technology

Metallurgy- First copper, then bronze, then iron. These increasingly harder metals aided agriculture tremendously. They also provided increasingly sophisticated weapons

Wheel- first used by the Sumerians; proved helpful in agriculture, trade and warfare

Hydrological technology- waterwheels, windmills, aqueducts proved instrumental in meeting the water needs of large populations as well as the irrigation required in drier areas

Details- Demography

World’s population increased rapidly with the advent of farming and domesticated animals

Waves of diseases “plagues” increase in frequency with increased population density

Many classic empires promote population expansion

Details- Social and Gender Structures Ownership of land signified power Kings were usually divine and had absolute

power Gender roles emerged as farming

expanded. Men worked in the fields while women stayed in the house

Who’s Your Daddy Phenomenon and women lost power

Religion cements and justifies social and gender structure

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

Emergence of religions- the emergence of the “Classical Age” or “Axial Age” (emergence of core belief or philosophical structures of a society)

Monumental architecture- Kings “show off” their power by building big buildings for either themselves or the state’s religion

Writing as record keeping become paramount, writing develops

Mathematics- number systems develop, India creates the “Arabic numbers and algebra”

Engineering

Details- Structure and Function of State

First- relatively small states “city-states” Then- large coercive tribute empires Empires followed Conrad Demarest model-

grow large and wealthy, then too large and fragment

Taxes paid by the farmers/ peasants for the enjoyment of the elite. Agricultural surplus allows for a large army

Trade- Can’t live without it! Trade, especially over land is important Begins as relatively informal networks Nomadic pastoralists instrumental in

development of long-distance trade Ideas, diseases, religions, goods travel Silk Road, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean Silks, Spices, Cotton travel east to west Glassware, wool and linen, olive oil travel

west to east

Movement of People

Bantu Migration across Africa Polynesian Migration across Pacific

Ocean

600-1450

Review

The Six Things to Remember1. Tremendous growth in trade due to

improvements in technology2. Major technological developments3. Movement of people greatly altered the

world4. Religion preached equality of all before God5. Spread of religion and trade acted as a

unifying force6. Political structures of many areas adapted

and changed to the new conditions of the world

The Bookends 600- great classical empires have

fallen 632- coming of Islam 1000- trade increases both by land

and sea 1450- Fall of Constantinople and

decline of Silk Roads 1450- Europe looks westward toward

the Atlantic

Details- Growth in Trade

Long Distance trade increased tremendously

Silk Road benefited from big empires and peace (Islamic Caliphate, Mongol Empire)

Indian Ocean Trade Trans-Saharan Trade Mediterranean Trade

Details- Technology Maritime

Compass (south pointing needle) Improved ship building technology (rudders,

hulls, sails) Overland

Camel saddle Stirrup

Defense Short bow gunpowder

Details- Movement of peoples Bantu peoples moved along Congo River

and further south and east in Africa. (Evidence- Bantu languages)

Vikings moved along rivers and oceans into Europe and even the new world. (Viking ships = horses of other nomads)

Turks and Mongols moved southward and westward from the steppes of Asia bringing Bubonic plague to China and Europe

Polynesian migrations with canoes to the islands in the Pacific

Details- Social Structure and Gender Structure

Religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam preached equality of all peoples (social classes as well as genders)

Societies are still very unequal and patriarchal

Some religions like Buddhism and Christianity allow women to have monastic roles, which gives them choices. Sufi Islam has leadership roles for women “sheiks”

Details- Spread of Religions and trade= spread of cultural ideas

Christianity spread in Europe and eastern Mediterranean. Unifying force during political fragmentation

Buddhism spread in Asia- especially SE Asia where islands had a trade relationship with India

Islam spread cultural and religious ideas as it expanded under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates

Confucianism spread as China’s influence grew in East and SE Asia

Details- Governments Centralized Empires

Tang and Song in China Byzantine in Eastern Mediterranean Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates in greater

Central Asia Decentralized Regions

Western Europe Japan

Mongol Empire (changed political and economic structures)

Changes and Continuities

Change: Classic empires have fallen and new ones have been created

Change: migrations of nomadic peoples cause major international changes and diffusion of ideas and diseases

Continuity: religion continues to be important and continues to spread

Continuity: trade routes continue to grow in importance

Continuity: societies continue to be patriarchal

1450-1750

6 Things to Remember Americas are included in world trade for the

first time Improvements in shipping and gunpowder

technology continue Populations are in transition New social structures emerge based on

race and gender Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe

but reinforced in China Empires are both land-based and cross

oceanic

The Bookends 1450- Beginning of European Atlantic

Empires 1450- beginning of global trade 1492- End of Islam in Europe 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship

expeditions 1750- beginning of industrialization 1750- western hemisphere

colonization peaks

Details- Going Global

Trade is extended through all parts of the world

Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes and attempts to control them through choke points- fail

Europe uses American raw materials- especially silver- to trade with Asia

Columbian Exchange

Details- Technology

Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a result of the crusades and experiments by Henry the Navigator

Improvements in gunpowder technology- muskets and cannons

Details- Demography Disease killed millions of native Americans Africans were forcibly transported to the

new world for work in plantation agriculture Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods

were brought from the new world Populations migrated to harsher climates as

food crops became available Populations migrated from the old world to

the new world

Details- Social and Gender structures

Americas- Castas system Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals)-

women in the harems wielded considerable power behind the scenes

China- power struggle between the Eunuchs and Scholar Gentry

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

Europe- Renaissance and Reformation reduces the power of the Catholic Church and challenges old beliefs

China ends contact with the outside world as neo-Confucianism dominates

Details- Structure and Function of State

Empire remains the predominant political structure. It is a coercive tribute system

European states such as Spain and Portugal, but also France, England and the Dutch prefect overseas empires by claiming territory in the western hemisphere

Qing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids are powerful land-based empires

Trade- Can’t live without it! Global trade is THE thing this time period Core-Periphery theory:

Core states are manufacturing states Periphery states provide raw materials Semi-periphery supply both

Three Core zones: China India West

Changes and Continuities Change: The Americas are added to world

trade network Change: Europe becomes a Maritime area Continuity: Trade is really important Continuity: Religions continue to adapt to

new times, but very important Continuity: Diffusion of ideas and diseases

as people come into contact with each other

1750-1914

Three Things to Remember Industrialization caused true world-wide

interdependence. Intensification of core-periphery concept

Populations grew and people moved from the country into the cities to work in factories

Women gained some economic opportunities with the rise of factory work, but they did not gain political or economic parity

Three more things to remember

Western culture influenced Asia and Africa, especially because of imperialism

Rise of the Proletariat as a social force Revolutions were inspired because of

the Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and natural rights

The Bookends 1750- beginning of the

industrialization with the water frame in Manchester, England

1776- first enlightenment revolution 1800’s- nationalism 1800’s- imperialism 1860- emancipation of serfs and

slaves 1914- Eve of World War I

Details- Industrialization Began in the textile industry of England but

soon spread to other industries Led to a desperate search for raw materials

especially cotton, rubber and “drug foods” Industrialized nations wanted competition-

free markets for their finished products and deliberately out-maneuvered each other as well as destroyed local competing industries to achieve this

Details- Technology New technology quickened the pace of life Life was regulated by the clock Time was standardized into time zones Calendar was standardized Postal systems and telephone and

telegraph systems were standardized Steamships and railroads made trans-

oceanic and trans-continental transport cheaper and faster

Details- Demography

Free wage laborers were more desirable than slave labor because they were cheaper and more efficient

Populations grew as disease was eradicated, hygiene improved and food became cheaper

Details- Gender and Social Structures

Emancipation of slaves and serfs- form a proletariat class in the cities or a poor peasant class in the country

Women gained economic opportunities in the factories but were not paid equally

Middle class women separated themselves from their lower class counterparts by becoming exclusively domestic

Rise of the middle class as a political and economic force

Revolutions Proletariat also begin to have more

power, especially with the organization of labor unions

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

African and Asian influences on European Art

Western intellectual thought- especially science and the enlightenment were highly influential to Asian and African areas

Traditional religious teachings continue to be influential and often form the backbone of anti-imperial activities

Details- Function and Structures of States

Enlightenment said that the government was needed to be responsive to the people (at least to males with property)

Some new nation-states experimented with democratic ideals (U.S., France and Britain)

Land-based empires (coercive tribute states) continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted enlightenment ideas

Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually just as justification for maintaining Creole power

Core-Periphery Again! European states- especially Britain,

Germany, France and the Netherlands become cores

They conquer colonies Old Core regions fall to semi-periphery

(China) or the periphery (India and West Asia) as they become suppliers for raw materials

Russia and Japan rise to semi-peripheral regions

Latin America and Africa remain peripheral areas

Changes and Continuities Change: Industrialization changed almost

everything- the way people worked, lived, traveled, related to their families and communicated

Change: rise of the middle class and new government structures

Continuity: religion continues to be a force for conservatism

Continuity: patriarchal gender structure remains