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ENG 101 SS15
Other Punctuation ( ) [ ] -- - … /
Argument techniques
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OTHER PUNCTUATION
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PARENTHESIS
DO NOT OVERUSE
Use to enclose supplemental material, minor
digressions, and afterthoughts
Some of my cousins (Bill, Wesley, David, Hartley,
Melissa, and Kacey) were at my party.
Use to enclose letters or numbers labeling
items in a series
Regulations stipulated that only the following
equipment could be used on the survival mission:
(1) knife, (2) thirty feet of parachute line, (3) a
book of matches, and (4) two ponchos.
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DASH
Use to set off parenthetical material that
deserves emphasis
My grandmother bought me a puppy – an adorable
little bulldog – for my birthday
Use to set off appositives that contain commas
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that
renames a nearby noun. They are usually set off
with commas, but when the appositive itself
contains commas, a pair of dashes helps readers
see the importance of all pauses.
My best friends
–
Amani, Catherine, Erin, Kai, and
Lola – are here.
type word, space, dash, dash, space, next word,
and Word will do it automatically
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DASH
Use to introduce a list, a restatement, an
amplification, or a dramatic shift in tone or
thought
(basically can replace a colon, but colons are
more formal and less dramatic than a dash)
Only use if there is a specific reason for its use
don’t want unnecessary choppiness)
In my hometown, people’s basic needs include the
following items – sesame seed oil, honey, safflower
oil, and that half-liquid “peanuts only” peanut butter.
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BRACKETS
Use to enclose any words/phrases that have been
inserted into an otherwise word-for-word quotation
Audubon reports that “if there are not enough young to
balance deaths, the end of the species [California
condor] is inevitable” (4).
The Latin word “sic” in brackets indicates that an
error in a quoted sentence appears in the original
source.
Do NOT overuse because calling attention to others’
mistakes can appear snobbish.
According to the review, Nelly Fortado’s performance
was brilliant, “exceeding [sic] the expectations of even
her most loyal fans.”
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BRACKETS
Use to enclose any words/phrases that have been
inserted into an otherwise word-for-word quotation
Audubon reports that “if there are not enough young to
balance deaths, the end of the species [California
condor] is inevitable” (4).
The Latin word “sic” in brackets indicates that an
error in a quoted sentence appears in the original
source.
Do NOT overuse because calling attention to others’
mistakes can appear snobbish.
According to the review, Nelly Fortado’s performance
was brilliant, “exceeding [sic] the expectations of even
her most loyal fans.”
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BRACKETS PRACTICE
1. Lisette’s speech contained the following
remark: “I accept this medal Comal College
Student of the Year with the acknowledgment
of the support of my family, friends, and
teachers.”
[Comal College Student of the Year]
2. The actor remarked, none too humbly, “When
I deliver my character’s famous speech Act I
Scene 3, the audience weeps.”
[Act I Scene 3]
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BRACKETS PRACTICE
3. If you read the quotation from the Navy
captain see the article entitled “Life Down
Under” page 4, column 5), you will have a
better understanding of life on a submarine.
[page 4, column 5]
4. At one point in the interview, the singer
responded, “When I’m home London, England,
I occasionally give free concerts.”
[London, England]
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BRACKETS PRACTICE
5. As part of the preparation for your trip, you
will find it immensely helpful to read about the
local customs the “When in Rome...” section
of Chapter 2 pages 18-20).
[pages 18-20]
6. The mayor-elect then commented, “It is
imperative that we make this the proposed
loop around the city a priority of this
administration.”
[the proposed loop around the city]
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BRACKETS PRACTICE
7. The winner answered my question about the
best type of racing bicycle with “There’s no
doubt that mine a twenty-seven speed Italian
bicycle is the best.”
[a twenty-seven speed Italian bicycle]
8. To get to the Connellys’ farm, you go down
Arrowhead Road (between Route 10 the
turnoff is north of Evinston and Route 52).
[the turnoff is north of Evinston]
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BRACKETS PRACTICE
9. “Do you happen to know the year that Tony
Dorsett was awarded it the Heisman Trophy?”
Luella asked.
[the Heisman Trophy]
10. Please turn to the statistics on the world
population (see page 46 Chart C) before
continuing.
[Chart C]
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ELLIPSIS M RK…
Use to indicate that words have been deleted from
an otherwise word-for-word quotation
The governor said, “It is very important for our
children...that the school year be extended...and that
they go to school...360 days a year” (Smith 82).
If a full sentence or more is deleted in the middle of
a quoted passage, use a period before the three
ellipsis dots
“If we don’t properly train, teach, or treat our growing
prison population,” says long-time reform advocate Luis
Rodriguez, “somebody else will….This may well be the
safety issue of the new century” (16).
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ELLIPSIS M RK…
Use to indicate a hesitation or an interruption in
speech or to suggest unfinished thoughts
“The apartment building next door…it’s going up in
flames ” yelled Marcia.
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SLASH
Use to separate two or three lines of poetry
Add a space before and after the slash
Roses are red / violets are blue / sugar is sweet
Use to separate paired terms
Do not use space before or after slash
Pass/fail, producer/director
Do not use and/or, he/she, is/or
Rewrite instead
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HYPHEN
Use the dictionary to see if whether or not a word
is hyphenated or compound
Water-repellent, waterproof, water table
Use when two or more words are used together
as an adjective before a noun
Richa Gupta is not yet a well-known candidate.
Do not use to connect –ly adverbs to words they
modify
WRONG: A slowly-moving truck tied up traffic
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HYPHEN
Hyphenate fractions and certain numbers when
they are spelled out
One-fourth
Use with the prefixes all-, ex-, and self-
Self-help
Use with the suffix -elect
President-elect
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HYPHEN
Use in certain words to avoid ambiguity or to
separate awkward double or triple letters
Re-creation and recreation
Anti-intellectual (double i)
Cross-stitch (double s)
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HYPHEN PRACTICE
1. In the story, the villain dies from a self inflicted
wound.
Self-inflicted
2. Bill Bradley is an ex basketball player.
Ex-basketball
3. Governor elect Rousseau was born right here in
our town.
Governor-elect
4. The Assad family left Istanbul on a bitterly cold
day.
correct
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HYPHEN PRACTICE
5. Have you hear that only forty two percent of the
people in this area favor a bike trail?
Forty-two
7. Did you know that manatees have trouble hearing
low frequency sounds?
Low-frequency
8. At this location today, one hundred and three
people have registered to vote.
correct
9. Elissa is looking for an oil free moisturizing liquid.
Oil-free
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ARGUMENT TECHNIQUES
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Jerry Springer
Oprah
QUARREL VS. ARGUMENT
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Purpose Audience
Reasoning strategies (Organization)
The rational appeal
The emotional appeal
The ethical appeal
Fallacies
Ethical issues
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF AN
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY?
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Demonstrating facts
Nursing is hard work, dorms are poor study places
Defend/oppose a policy, action, or project
Company should drug-test employees
Assert the greater/lesser value of
someone/something
Ranking candidates for promotion
PURPOSE & A
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Think like a reader (oh wait, you are...)
Consider reader’s interests, expectations, and needs
concerning this issue
Identify the evidence most likely to convince readers
Identify the objections readers will have
Identify the consequences of this argument
Decide how objections should be addressed
P & AUDIENCE
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Induction
General claim is supported by specific evidence
(direct observations, statistical data, scientific
studies)
Makes conclusion probable but doesn’t prove
Must demonstrate credibility of evidence
College program effective because most students in
it get jobs
Deduction
Analogy
REASONING STRATEGIES (ORGANIZATION)
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Deduction
Demonstrates how a specific conclusion follows
logically from initial premise
Must make clear how conclusions do actually
follow from agreed-upon premises
Politicians assert the benefit to future generations,
then policies to favor that
Analogy
REASONING STRATEGIES (ORGANIZATION)
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Analogy
Weakest form of rational appeal
Never prove anything, only show probability
and sometimes offer explanations
Assumption that humans respond to
chemicals as rats do
REASONING STRATEGIES (ORGANIZATION)
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Present reasons and evidence in a way that
readers will find as reasonable or plausible
Established truths
Opinions of authorities
Primary source information
Statistical findings
Personal experience
THE RATIONAL APPEAL
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To Evaluate Evidence
How credible are the sources of information?
How reliable is the evidence?
How much confirming evidence is there?
How much contradictory evidence is there?
How well established is the evidence?
How well does the evidence actually support or fit the
claim?
What does the evidence actually allow you to
conclude?
THE RATIONAL APPEAL
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Identify stories, scenes, or events of the topic
that arouse the strongest emotions
Can lend powerful reinforcement
Tug heartstrings of readers to take actions
THE EMOTIONAL APPEAL
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Write with genuine concern for topic,
commitment to truth and sincere respect for
others
Tone is paramount
Offensive, arrogant, or mean-spirited is
ineffective
Look for snide comments
Pleasant, fair-minded, decent is effective
THE ETHICAL APPEAL
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Lapses in logic that reflect upon ability to think
clearly and weaken argument
Hasty generalization – someone bases a
conclusion on too little evidence
Student tries to reach instructor one time and declares
that the instructor is impossible to reach
Non sequitur – draws unwarranted conclusions
from seemingly ample evidence
Bill is out every night. I wonder who he is dating?
Stereotyping – attaches one or more supposed
characteristics to a group or one of its members
Teenagers are lousy drivers
FALLACIES
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Lapses in logic that reflect upon ability to think clearly
and weaken argument
Card Stacking – only part of available evidence given
while deliberately omitting essential info
College students have it easy because they are only in
classes 12 hours per week.
Either/Or Fallacy – only two choices exist when several
are available
Either buy tires or get stuck inside this winter
Begging the Question – asserts truth of an unproven
statement
Vitamin A is harmful to your health, so all bottles should
have a warning label. If enough of us write to the FDA, this
could change. But how do we know it’s harmful when
evidence isn’t given?
FALLACIES
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Lapses in logic that reflect upon ability to think
clearly and weaken argument
Circular Argument – supports position merely
by restating it
That person is overweight because he is fat.
Red Herring – argues off point
American car is superior but abruptly shifts to the
plight of laid off workers
Ad Hominem – argument attacks an individual
rather than opinion
Sam doesn’t deserve a promotion. His divorce was
messy.
FALLACIES
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Lapses in logic that reflect upon ability to think
clearly and weaken argument
Appeal to the Crowd– plays on irrational fears and
prejudices of audience
The Red Scare, Adolf Hitler
Guilt by Association – some similarity between
one person to another
Similar to poisoning the well
Post Hoc – assuming that because one event
follows another, the first caused the second
Coincidence that a black cat ran across the street right
before the car crashed into the telephone pole
FALLACIES
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Lapses in logic that reflect upon ability to think
clearly and weaken argument
Faulty Analogy – error of assuming two
circumstances are similar in all respects when
they are not
Football coach insists that if he emulates Lombardi’s
techniques that his team will win conference
Doesn’t take players into consideration, level of play, etc.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dln3DJEcghY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8LydU2P7Yw
FALLACIES
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dln3DJEcghYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8LydU2P7Ywhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8LydU2P7Ywhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dln3DJEcghYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsI
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Argument is an attempt to alter attitudes or spark
action
Responsibility for quality of argument and possible
consequences
Carefully consider stance and argument
Is it credible? Is it dependent on certain conditions?
Be fair to other positions
Legitimacy of reasons and evidence
Examine fallacies and other possible reader
manipulations
Explore the consequences of readers adopting
this position
ETHICAL ISSUES
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FOR MONDAY…
Read Marissa Brown’s “Teacher Natalie Munroe Has a
Right to Call Kids Lazy and Rude”
Jonathan Zimmerman’s “When Teachers Talk out of
School”
Byron York’s “A Carefully Crafted Immigration Law in
Arizona”
Conor Friedersdorf’s “Immigration Policy Gone Loco”
(pgs. 579-588)
Be ready to discuss your assigned element (given on next slide)
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Purpose Audience
Sylvia, Mariah
The rational appeal
Greg, Jon
The emotional appeal
Hannah, Scott
The ethical appeal Ethical issues
Wendy, Chris, Gabrielle
Fallacies Reasoning strategies
Mike, Arik, Alex
READ THE READINGS. PREPARE TO DISCUSS
YOUR ASSIGNED ELEMENT AS IT APPLIES TO
EACH READING.
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