Weve Eng101 Ss15 Otherpunctuation ArgumentTechs

8/20/2019 Weve Eng101 Ss15 Otherpunctuation ArgumentTechs

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ENG 101 SS15

Other Punctuation ( ) [ ] -- - … /

Argument techniques


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OTHER PUNCTUATION


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PARENTHESIS

DO NOT OVERUSE

Use to enclose supplemental material, minor

digressions, and afterthoughts

Some of my cousins (Bill, Wesley, David, Hartley,

Melissa, and Kacey) were at my party.

Use to enclose letters or numbers labeling

items in a series

Regulations stipulated that only the following

equipment could be used on the survival mission:

(1) knife, (2) thirty feet of parachute line, (3) a

book of matches, and (4) two ponchos.


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DASH

Use to set off parenthetical material that

deserves emphasis

My grandmother bought me a puppy – an adorable

little bulldog – for my birthday

Use to set off appositives that contain commas

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that

renames a nearby noun. They are usually set off

with commas, but when the appositive itself

contains commas, a pair of dashes helps readers

see the importance of all pauses.

My best friends

–

Amani, Catherine, Erin, Kai, and

Lola – are here.

type word, space, dash, dash, space, next word,

and Word will do it automatically


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DASH

Use to introduce a list, a restatement, an

amplification, or a dramatic shift in tone or

thought

(basically can replace a colon, but colons are

more formal and less dramatic than a dash)

Only use if there is a specific reason for its use

don’t want unnecessary choppiness)

In my hometown, people’s basic needs include the

following items – sesame seed oil, honey, safflower

oil, and that half-liquid “peanuts only” peanut butter.


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BRACKETS

Use to enclose any words/phrases that have been

inserted into an otherwise word-for-word quotation

Audubon reports that “if there are not enough young to

balance deaths, the end of the species [California

condor] is inevitable” (4).

The Latin word “sic” in brackets indicates that an

error in a quoted sentence appears in the original

source.

Do NOT overuse because calling attention to others’

mistakes can appear snobbish.

According to the review, Nelly Fortado’s performance

was brilliant, “exceeding [sic] the expectations of even

her most loyal fans.”


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BRACKETS

Use to enclose any words/phrases that have been

inserted into an otherwise word-for-word quotation

Audubon reports that “if there are not enough young to

balance deaths, the end of the species [California

condor] is inevitable” (4).

The Latin word “sic” in brackets indicates that an

error in a quoted sentence appears in the original

source.

Do NOT overuse because calling attention to others’

mistakes can appear snobbish.

According to the review, Nelly Fortado’s performance

was brilliant, “exceeding [sic] the expectations of even

her most loyal fans.”


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BRACKETS PRACTICE

1. Lisette’s speech contained the following

remark: “I accept this medal Comal College

Student of the Year with the acknowledgment

of the support of my family, friends, and

teachers.”

[Comal College Student of the Year]

2. The actor remarked, none too humbly, “When

I deliver my character’s famous speech Act I

Scene 3, the audience weeps.”

[Act I Scene 3]


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BRACKETS PRACTICE

3. If you read the quotation from the Navy

captain see the article entitled “Life Down

Under” page 4, column 5), you will have a

better understanding of life on a submarine.

[page 4, column 5]

4. At one point in the interview, the singer

responded, “When I’m home London, England,

I occasionally give free concerts.”

[London, England]


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BRACKETS PRACTICE

5. As part of the preparation for your trip, you

will find it immensely helpful to read about the

local customs the “When in Rome...” section

of Chapter 2 pages 18-20).

[pages 18-20]

6. The mayor-elect then commented, “It is

imperative that we make this the proposed

loop around the city a priority of this

administration.”

[the proposed loop around the city]


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BRACKETS PRACTICE

7. The winner answered my question about the

best type of racing bicycle with “There’s no

doubt that mine a twenty-seven speed Italian

bicycle is the best.”

[a twenty-seven speed Italian bicycle]

8. To get to the Connellys’ farm, you go down

Arrowhead Road (between Route 10 the

turnoff is north of Evinston and Route 52).

[the turnoff is north of Evinston]


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BRACKETS PRACTICE

9. “Do you happen to know the year that Tony

Dorsett was awarded it the Heisman Trophy?”

Luella asked.

[the Heisman Trophy]

10. Please turn to the statistics on the world

population (see page 46 Chart C) before

continuing.

[Chart C]


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ELLIPSIS M RK…

Use to indicate that words have been deleted from

an otherwise word-for-word quotation

The governor said, “It is very important for our

children...that the school year be extended...and that

they go to school...360 days a year” (Smith 82).

If a full sentence or more is deleted in the middle of

a quoted passage, use a period before the three

ellipsis dots

“If we don’t properly train, teach, or treat our growing

prison population,” says long-time reform advocate Luis

Rodriguez, “somebody else will….This may well be the

safety issue of the new century” (16).


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ELLIPSIS M RK…

Use to indicate a hesitation or an interruption in

speech or to suggest unfinished thoughts

“The apartment building next door…it’s going up in

flames ” yelled Marcia.


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SLASH

Use to separate two or three lines of poetry

Add a space before and after the slash

Roses are red / violets are blue / sugar is sweet

Use to separate paired terms

Do not use space before or after slash

Pass/fail, producer/director

Do not use and/or, he/she, is/or

Rewrite instead


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HYPHEN

Use the dictionary to see if whether or not a word

is hyphenated or compound

Water-repellent, waterproof, water table

Use when two or more words are used together

as an adjective before a noun

Richa Gupta is not yet a well-known candidate.

Do not use to connect –ly adverbs to words they

modify

WRONG: A slowly-moving truck tied up traffic


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HYPHEN

Hyphenate fractions and certain numbers when

they are spelled out

One-fourth

Use with the prefixes all-, ex-, and self-

Self-help

Use with the suffix -elect

President-elect


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HYPHEN

Use in certain words to avoid ambiguity or to

separate awkward double or triple letters

Re-creation and recreation

Anti-intellectual (double i)

Cross-stitch (double s)


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HYPHEN PRACTICE

1. In the story, the villain dies from a self inflicted

wound.

Self-inflicted

2. Bill Bradley is an ex basketball player.

Ex-basketball

3. Governor elect Rousseau was born right here in

our town.

Governor-elect

4. The Assad family left Istanbul on a bitterly cold

day.

correct


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HYPHEN PRACTICE

5. Have you hear that only forty two percent of the

people in this area favor a bike trail?

Forty-two

7. Did you know that manatees have trouble hearing

low frequency sounds?

Low-frequency

8. At this location today, one hundred and three

people have registered to vote.

correct

9. Elissa is looking for an oil free moisturizing liquid.

Oil-free


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ARGUMENT TECHNIQUES


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Jerry Springer

Oprah

QUARREL VS. ARGUMENT


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Purpose Audience

Reasoning strategies (Organization)

The rational appeal

The emotional appeal

The ethical appeal

Fallacies

Ethical issues

WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF AN

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY?


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Demonstrating facts

Nursing is hard work, dorms are poor study places

Defend/oppose a policy, action, or project

Company should drug-test employees

Assert the greater/lesser value of

someone/something

Ranking candidates for promotion

PURPOSE & A


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Think like a reader (oh wait, you are...)

Consider reader’s interests, expectations, and needs

concerning this issue

Identify the evidence most likely to convince readers

Identify the objections readers will have

Identify the consequences of this argument

Decide how objections should be addressed

P & AUDIENCE


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Induction

General claim is supported by specific evidence

(direct observations, statistical data, scientific

studies)

Makes conclusion probable but doesn’t prove

Must demonstrate credibility of evidence

College program effective because most students in

it get jobs

Deduction

Analogy

REASONING STRATEGIES (ORGANIZATION)


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Deduction

Demonstrates how a specific conclusion follows

logically from initial premise

Must make clear how conclusions do actually

follow from agreed-upon premises

Politicians assert the benefit to future generations,

then policies to favor that

Analogy



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Analogy

Weakest form of rational appeal

Never prove anything, only show probability

and sometimes offer explanations

Assumption that humans respond to

chemicals as rats do



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Present reasons and evidence in a way that

readers will find as reasonable or plausible

Established truths

Opinions of authorities

Primary source information

Statistical findings

Personal experience

THE RATIONAL APPEAL


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To Evaluate Evidence

How credible are the sources of information?

How reliable is the evidence?

How much confirming evidence is there?

How much contradictory evidence is there?

How well established is the evidence?

How well does the evidence actually support or fit the

claim?

What does the evidence actually allow you to

conclude?

THE RATIONAL APPEAL


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Identify stories, scenes, or events of the topic

that arouse the strongest emotions

Can lend powerful reinforcement

Tug heartstrings of readers to take actions

THE EMOTIONAL APPEAL


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Write with genuine concern for topic,

commitment to truth and sincere respect for

others

Tone is paramount

Offensive, arrogant, or mean-spirited is

ineffective

Look for snide comments

Pleasant, fair-minded, decent is effective

THE ETHICAL APPEAL


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Lapses in logic that reflect upon ability to think

clearly and weaken argument

Hasty generalization – someone bases a

conclusion on too little evidence

Student tries to reach instructor one time and declares

that the instructor is impossible to reach

Non sequitur – draws unwarranted conclusions

from seemingly ample evidence

Bill is out every night. I wonder who he is dating?

Stereotyping – attaches one or more supposed

characteristics to a group or one of its members

Teenagers are lousy drivers

FALLACIES


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Lapses in logic that reflect upon ability to think clearly

and weaken argument

Card Stacking – only part of available evidence given

while deliberately omitting essential info

College students have it easy because they are only in

classes 12 hours per week.

Either/Or Fallacy – only two choices exist when several

are available

Either buy tires or get stuck inside this winter

Begging the Question – asserts truth of an unproven

statement

Vitamin A is harmful to your health, so all bottles should

have a warning label. If enough of us write to the FDA, this

could change. But how do we know it’s harmful when

evidence isn’t given?

FALLACIES


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Circular Argument – supports position merely

by restating it

That person is overweight because he is fat.

Red Herring – argues off point

American car is superior but abruptly shifts to the

plight of laid off workers

Ad Hominem – argument attacks an individual

rather than opinion

Sam doesn’t deserve a promotion. His divorce was

messy.

FALLACIES


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Appeal to the Crowd– plays on irrational fears and

prejudices of audience

The Red Scare, Adolf Hitler

Guilt by Association – some similarity between

one person to another

Similar to poisoning the well

Post Hoc – assuming that because one event

follows another, the first caused the second

Coincidence that a black cat ran across the street right

before the car crashed into the telephone pole

FALLACIES


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Faulty Analogy – error of assuming two

circumstances are similar in all respects when

they are not

Football coach insists that if he emulates Lombardi’s

techniques that his team will win conference

Doesn’t take players into consideration, level of play, etc.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dln3DJEcghY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8LydU2P7Yw

FALLACIES

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dln3DJEcghYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8LydU2P7Ywhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8LydU2P7Ywhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dln3DJEcghYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsI


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Argument is an attempt to alter attitudes or spark

action

Responsibility for quality of argument and possible

consequences

Carefully consider stance and argument

Is it credible? Is it dependent on certain conditions?

Be fair to other positions

Legitimacy of reasons and evidence

Examine fallacies and other possible reader

manipulations

Explore the consequences of readers adopting

this position

ETHICAL ISSUES


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FOR MONDAY…

Read Marissa Brown’s “Teacher Natalie Munroe Has a

Right to Call Kids Lazy and Rude”

Jonathan Zimmerman’s “When Teachers Talk out of

School”

Byron York’s “A Carefully Crafted Immigration Law in

Arizona”

Conor Friedersdorf’s “Immigration Policy Gone Loco”

(pgs. 579-588)

Be ready to discuss your assigned element (given on next slide)


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Purpose Audience

Sylvia, Mariah

The rational appeal

Greg, Jon

The emotional appeal

Hannah, Scott

The ethical appeal Ethical issues

Wendy, Chris, Gabrielle

Fallacies Reasoning strategies

Mike, Arik, Alex

READ THE READINGS. PREPARE TO DISCUSS

YOUR ASSIGNED ELEMENT AS IT APPLIES TO

EACH READING.

Weve Eng101 Ss15 Otherpunctuation ArgumentTechs

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