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Resilience 2011 Conference, March 12, 2011
Water management and urban resilience:the dynamic interplay between water policy, residentialwater use, the urban landscape, and plant & bird diversity
Madhusudan Katti*, Andrew Jones, Henry Delcore, Derya Ozgoc-Caglar, Tom HolyokeCalifornia State University, Fresno
Urban Long-Term Research AreaFresno And Clovis Ecosocial Study
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Water: a key resource & ecosystem service inany urban Socio-Ecological System (SES)
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What drives water consumption?
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What drives water consumption?
Sococioeconomic status is positively correlated with levels ofresource consumption
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What drives water consumption?
Sococioeconomic status is positively correlated with levels ofresource consumption
at individual/household scale as well as larger social units
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What drives water consumption?
Sococioeconomic status is positively correlated with levels ofresource consumption
at individual/household scale as well as larger social units
As both a good and a service, water is usually priced at a low ratein industrialized and post-industrial countries
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What drives water consumption?
Sococioeconomic status is positively correlated with levels ofresource consumption
at individual/household scale as well as larger social units
As both a good and a service, water is usually priced at a low ratein industrialized and post-industrial countries
as it is deemed essential to human survival;
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What drives water consumption?
Sococioeconomic status is positively correlated with levels ofresource consumption
at individual/household scale as well as larger social units
As both a good and a service, water is usually priced at a low ratein industrialized and post-industrial countries
as it is deemed essential to human survival;
and therefore, often priced for delivery of service rather thanfor the resource itself
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Water pricing as a regulatory tool?
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Water pricing as a regulatory tool?
Water pricing may reduce water consumption under certainconditions
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Water pricing as a regulatory tool?
Water pricing may reduce water consumption under certainconditions
but most municipal water departments avoid water pricingpolicies that could encourage conservation
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Water pricing as a regulatory tool?
Water pricing may reduce water consumption under certainconditions
but most municipal water departments avoid water pricingpolicies that could encourage conservation
The cost of water is negligible for budgetary decision making inmost households - particularly true in the US
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What shapes water consumption?
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What shapes water consumption?
Household consumption of water is shaped & constrained by
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What shapes water consumption?
Household consumption of water is shaped & constrained by
home design (age of house, irrigation technology)
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What shapes water consumption?
Household consumption of water is shaped & constrained by
home design (age of house, irrigation technology)
residential landscape design (type of plants, yard layout)
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What shapes water consumption?
Household consumption of water is shaped & constrained by
home design (age of house, irrigation technology)
residential landscape design (type of plants, yard layout)
status honor gained by conspicuous consumption of resources
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What shapes water consumption?
Household consumption of water is shaped & constrained by
home design (age of house, irrigation technology)
residential landscape design (type of plants, yard layout)
status honor gained by conspicuous consumption of resources
or, by decreased consumption through newer technology anddesign that may be linked to greater environmental awareness
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Consequences of human water
consumption on urban biodiversity
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Consequences of human water
consumption on urban biodiversity Patterns of water use by humans shape the urban landscape
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Consequences of human water
consumption on urban biodiversity Patterns of water use by humans shape the urban landscape
Water availability, irrigation technologies, and human preferencesdetermine urban plant diversity
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Consequences of human water
consumption on urban biodiversity Patterns of water use by humans shape the urban landscape
Water availability, irrigation technologies, and human preferencesdetermine urban plant diversity
plant diversity is more directly driven by human actions
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Consequences of human water
consumption on urban biodiversity Patterns of water use by humans shape the urban landscape
Water availability, irrigation technologies, and human preferencesdetermine urban plant diversity
plant diversity is more directly driven by human actions
Water availability, plant diversity & cover, landscape structure andheterogeneity drive animal diversity
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Consequences of human water
consumption on urban biodiversity Patterns of water use by humans shape the urban landscape
Water availability, irrigation technologies, and human preferencesdetermine urban plant diversity
plant diversity is more directly driven by human actions
Water availability, plant diversity & cover, landscape structure andheterogeneity drive animal diversity
birds freely choose to inhabit/abandon urban habitats,
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Consequences of human water
consumption on urban biodiversity Patterns of water use by humans shape the urban landscape
Water availability, irrigation technologies, and human preferencesdetermine urban plant diversity
plant diversity is more directly driven by human actions
Water availability, plant diversity & cover, landscape structure andheterogeneity drive animal diversity
birds freely choose to inhabit/abandon urban habitats,
therefore they are good indicators of biodiversity outcomes
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How much water do we use in the
Cadillac Desert?
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How much water do we use in the
Cadillac Desert?
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How much water do we use in the
Cadillac Desert?
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Albuquerque Fresno Las Vegas Phoenix Tucson
Gallonsofwater/pers
on/day
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Poverty in Fresno
0
6
12
18
24
30
Families Individuals
12.49.2
26.2
20.5
%ofpopulationbelowthepo
vertyline Fresno U.S.
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Household Water Use in Fresno
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Household Water Use in Fresno
Currently, 51% of city water supply is used residentially
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Household Water Use in Fresno
Currently, 51% of city water supply is used residentially
70% of residential water use is for landscape irrigation
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Household Water Use in Fresno
Currently, 51% of city water supply is used residentially
70% of residential water use is for landscape irrigation
No meters: water bill is at a flat monthly rate
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Household Water Use in Fresno
Currently, 51% of city water supply is used residentially
70% of residential water use is for landscape irrigation
No meters: water bill is at a flat monthly rate
Neighboring Clovis has metered water since 1910
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Household Water Use in Fresno
Currently, 51% of city water supply is used residentially
70% of residential water use is for landscape irrigation
No meters: water bill is at a flat monthly rate
Neighboring Clovis has metered water since 1910
Fresno rejected metering in early 1990s referendum
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Household Water Use in Fresno
Currently, 51% of city water supply is used residentially
70% of residential water use is for landscape irrigation
No meters: water bill is at a flat monthly rate
Neighboring Clovis has metered water since 1910
Fresno rejected metering in early 1990s referendum
Meters now being installed; target date for fullimplementation of metering: 2013 (we hope...)
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Experimental opportunity
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Experimental opportunity
The onset of metering in Fresno gives us a found experiment
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Experimental opportunity
The onset of metering in Fresno gives us a found experiment
Clovis provides a control as an adjacent city with similarsocioeconomics /demographics but >100 yrs of metering
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Experimental opportunity
The onset of metering in Fresno gives us a found experiment
Clovis provides a control as an adjacent city with similarsocioeconomics /demographics but >100 yrs of metering
We have an opportunity to examine the socioecological dynamics ofwater use in a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design.
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Experimental opportunity
The onset of metering in Fresno gives us a found experiment
Clovis provides a control as an adjacent city with similarsocioeconomics /demographics but >100 yrs of metering
We have an opportunity to examine the socioecological dynamics ofwater use in a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design.
Currently in the Before phase, establishing baseline data
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Urban Long-Term Research Area
Fresno And Clovis Ecosocial Study
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Socioeconomic /
Political Factors
Ecological
Factors
InstitutionalWater use policies,
land use decisions,
metering
Individual
Civic-mindedness,identity, socioeconomic
status
Biotic Structure
Animal Diversity
LULC / Plant
Diversity
Ecosystem
Functionwater cycles and
dynamics
Disturbance Regimes
Long-term PressGlobal Climate Change
Short-term PulsesWater use and availability
External Drivers
Ecosystem Serviceswater supply, quality
Q1 Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Source for model: Integrative Science for Societyand Environment: A Strategic Research Initiative
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Main Research Questions
1. How are institutions of governance &individual decisions related to water use& availability in an urban SES?
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Main Research Questions
1. How are institutions of governance &individual decisions related to water use& availability in an urban SES?
2. How is water use & availability related to
residential landscaping (land-use/land-cover) & plant diversity?
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Main Research Questions
1. How are institutions of governance &individual decisions related to water use& availability in an urban SES?
2. How is water use & availability related to
residential landscaping (land-use/land-cover) & plant diversity?
3. How are institutional & individual factorsrelated to land cover & plant diversity atbroader scales?
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Main Research Questions
1. How are institutions of governance &individual decisions related to water use& availability in an urban SES?
2. How is water use & availability related to
residential landscaping (land-use/land-cover) & plant diversity?
3. How are institutional & individual factorsrelated to land cover & plant diversity atbroader scales?
4. How does land use & plant diversity affectbird diversity in cities?
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Main Research Questions
1. How are institutions of governance &individual decisions related to water use& availability in an urban SES?
2. How is water use & availability related to
residential landscaping (land-use/land-cover) & plant diversity?
3. How are institutional & individual factorsrelated to land cover & plant diversity atbroader scales?
4. How does land use & plant diversity affectbird diversity in cities?
5. More broadly, how do the dynamicinteractions & feedback betweeninstitutional/individual actors and anecosystem service (water) affect ecological
outcomes (i.e., lant & bird diversit )?
S d A & S li D i
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Study Area & Sampling DesignFresno Clovis Metropolitan Area
FresnoBirdCountStudyArea
Censusedin2008
(N=184)
FBCsite
(N=460)
Habitatsurveyed
in2008(N=38)
Fresno
FresnoCounty
Clovis
MaderaCounty
FresnoCounty
Cali ornia
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One set of pathways examined
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One set of pathways examined
Irrigation rate will be positively correlated to the socioeconomics of aneighborhood.
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One set of pathways examined
Irrigation rate will be positively correlated to the socioeconomics of aneighborhood.
Vegetative cover will be partially correlated with an increase inirrigation.
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One set of pathways examined
Irrigation rate will be positively correlated to the socioeconomics of aneighborhood.
Vegetative cover will be partially correlated with an increase inirrigation.
Bird species richness will be partially positively correlated with areascontaining increased vegetative cover.
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One set of pathways examined
Irrigation rate will be positively correlated to the socioeconomics of aneighborhood.
Vegetative cover will be partially correlated with an increase inirrigation.
Bird species richness will be partially positively correlated with areascontaining increased vegetative cover.
Foraging guild richness will be partially correlated to areas of higher
irrigation.
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One set of pathways examined
Irrigation rate will be positively correlated to the socioeconomics of aneighborhood.
Vegetative cover will be partially correlated with an increase inirrigation.
Bird species richness will be partially positively correlated with areascontaining increased vegetative cover.
Foraging guild richness will be partially correlated to areas of higher
irrigation.
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Bird Species Richness in the FCMA
!"#$%&&$ #"'$%&&$ '"($%&&$ ("!)$%&&$
In 2008
186 points surveyed by 30volunteers
68 bird species recorded
3,263 total birds
Average species richnessper site5.13 0.16 SE
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Multivariate drivers of bird diversity
Source +ve/-ve F-ratio P value
Mode of Irrigation * %Population Below Poverty - 8.28 0.008% Grass Cover * % Population Below Poverty + 7.71 0.01
Mean Grass Height * % Population Below Poverty - 3.16 0.09Mean Irrigation Score - 3.03 0.09
% Open Canopy + 2.85 0.10
% Building - 2.28 0.14% Grass + 1.56 0.22
Mean Irrigation * Mode of Irrigation + 1.12 0.29Mean Grass Height + 1.01 0.32
Mode of Irrigation - 0.75 0.45
% Population below Poverty - 0.50 0.48
Model based inference based on comparison of 56 models. Best model (lowest AICc = 119.67):8 parameters, 3 interaction terms Whole model R2=0.68 (adj. R2=0.52), F(12,25)=4.47, P=0.0008
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Poverty, irrigation, & bird diversity
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Poverty, irrigation, & bird diversity
Residential irrigation decreased significantly with increased % poverty.
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Poverty, irrigation, & bird diversity
Residential irrigation decreased significantly with increased % poverty.
Species Diversity: Multivariate results indicate that poverty has strongindirect effects on bird species diversity through intermediate variables
including irrigation, % grass, % open canopy, and mean grass height.
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O h h
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Other pathwaysbeing studied
Same sampling scheme as FBC
Tree Diversity and Coversurvey (in progress)
Social Survey of individualhouseholds (mailed this week!)
Interviews of institutionalactors (key policy makers &implementers in city govt;summer 2011)
Land Use Land Cover (LULC)analysis (preliminary)
k ll d h
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t takes a village to study the city...
Paying the bills:
National Science Foundation & U.S. ForestService (ULTRA-Ex Award # 0949036)
CSU Fresno: Provost, College of Scienceand Mathematics, Division of GraduateStudies
Robert and Norma Craig Foundation
Fresno Audubon Society
Tucson Bird Count, NiJeL for databasemanagement
Graduate students: Bradley Schleder, SethReid
City of Fresno, City of Clovis, Fresno County
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