Water management and urban resilience: a talk presented at the Resilience 2011 conference

8/7/2019 Water management and urban resilience: a talk presented at the Resilience 2011 conference

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Resilience 2011 Conference, March 12, 2011

Water management and urban resilience:the dynamic interplay between water policy, residentialwater use, the urban landscape, and plant & bird diversity

Madhusudan Katti*, Andrew Jones, Henry Delcore, Derya Ozgoc-Caglar, Tom HolyokeCalifornia State University, Fresno

Urban Long-Term Research AreaFresno And Clovis Ecosocial Study


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Water: a key resource & ecosystem service inany urban Socio-Ecological System (SES)


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What drives water consumption?


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Sococioeconomic status is positively correlated with levels ofresource consumption


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at individual/household scale as well as larger social units


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As both a good and a service, water is usually priced at a low ratein industrialized and post-industrial countries


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as it is deemed essential to human survival;


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as it is deemed essential to human survival;

and therefore, often priced for delivery of service rather thanfor the resource itself


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Water pricing as a regulatory tool?


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Water pricing may reduce water consumption under certainconditions


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but most municipal water departments avoid water pricingpolicies that could encourage conservation


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but most municipal water departments avoid water pricingpolicies that could encourage conservation

The cost of water is negligible for budgetary decision making inmost households - particularly true in the US


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What shapes water consumption?


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Household consumption of water is shaped & constrained by


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home design (age of house, irrigation technology)


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residential landscape design (type of plants, yard layout)


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status honor gained by conspicuous consumption of resources


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status honor gained by conspicuous consumption of resources

or, by decreased consumption through newer technology anddesign that may be linked to greater environmental awareness


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Consequences of human water

consumption on urban biodiversity


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consumption on urban biodiversity Patterns of water use by humans shape the urban landscape


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Water availability, irrigation technologies, and human preferencesdetermine urban plant diversity


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plant diversity is more directly driven by human actions


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Water availability, plant diversity & cover, landscape structure andheterogeneity drive animal diversity


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birds freely choose to inhabit/abandon urban habitats,


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birds freely choose to inhabit/abandon urban habitats,

therefore they are good indicators of biodiversity outcomes


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How much water do we use in the

Cadillac Desert?


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Cadillac Desert?


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Cadillac Desert?

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Albuquerque Fresno Las Vegas Phoenix Tucson

Gallonsofwater/pers

on/day


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Poverty in Fresno

0

6

12

18

24

30

Families Individuals

12.49.2

26.2

20.5

%ofpopulationbelowthepo

vertyline Fresno U.S.


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Household Water Use in Fresno


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Currently, 51% of city water supply is used residentially


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70% of residential water use is for landscape irrigation


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No meters: water bill is at a flat monthly rate


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Neighboring Clovis has metered water since 1910


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Fresno rejected metering in early 1990s referendum


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Fresno rejected metering in early 1990s referendum

Meters now being installed; target date for fullimplementation of metering: 2013 (we hope...)


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Experimental opportunity


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The onset of metering in Fresno gives us a found experiment


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Clovis provides a control as an adjacent city with similarsocioeconomics /demographics but >100 yrs of metering


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We have an opportunity to examine the socioecological dynamics ofwater use in a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design.


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We have an opportunity to examine the socioecological dynamics ofwater use in a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design.

Currently in the Before phase, establishing baseline data


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Urban Long-Term Research Area

Fresno And Clovis Ecosocial Study


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Socioeconomic /

Political Factors

Ecological

Factors

InstitutionalWater use policies,

land use decisions,

metering

Individual

Civic-mindedness,identity, socioeconomic

status

Biotic Structure

Animal Diversity

LULC / Plant

Diversity

Ecosystem

Functionwater cycles and

dynamics

Disturbance Regimes

Long-term PressGlobal Climate Change

Short-term PulsesWater use and availability

External Drivers

Ecosystem Serviceswater supply, quality

Q1 Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Source for model: Integrative Science for Societyand Environment: A Strategic Research Initiative


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Main Research Questions

1. How are institutions of governance &individual decisions related to water use& availability in an urban SES?


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2. How is water use & availability related to

residential landscaping (land-use/land-cover) & plant diversity?


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3. How are institutional & individual factorsrelated to land cover & plant diversity atbroader scales?


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4. How does land use & plant diversity affectbird diversity in cities?


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4. How does land use & plant diversity affectbird diversity in cities?

5. More broadly, how do the dynamicinteractions & feedback betweeninstitutional/individual actors and anecosystem service (water) affect ecological

outcomes (i.e., lant & bird diversit )?

S d A & S li D i


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Study Area & Sampling DesignFresno Clovis Metropolitan Area

FresnoBirdCountStudyArea

Censusedin2008

(N=184)

FBCsite

(N=460)

Habitatsurveyed

in2008(N=38)

Fresno

FresnoCounty

Clovis

MaderaCounty

FresnoCounty

Cali ornia


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One set of pathways examined


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Irrigation rate will be positively correlated to the socioeconomics of aneighborhood.


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Vegetative cover will be partially correlated with an increase inirrigation.


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Bird species richness will be partially positively correlated with areascontaining increased vegetative cover.


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Foraging guild richness will be partially correlated to areas of higher

irrigation.


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Foraging guild richness will be partially correlated to areas of higher

irrigation.


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Bird Species Richness in the FCMA

!"#$%&&$ #"'$%&&$ '"($%&&$ ("!)$%&&$

In 2008

186 points surveyed by 30volunteers

68 bird species recorded

3,263 total birds

Average species richnessper site5.13 0.16 SE


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Multivariate drivers of bird diversity

Source +ve/-ve F-ratio P value

Mode of Irrigation * %Population Below Poverty - 8.28 0.008% Grass Cover * % Population Below Poverty + 7.71 0.01

Mean Grass Height * % Population Below Poverty - 3.16 0.09Mean Irrigation Score - 3.03 0.09

% Open Canopy + 2.85 0.10

% Building - 2.28 0.14% Grass + 1.56 0.22

Mean Irrigation * Mode of Irrigation + 1.12 0.29Mean Grass Height + 1.01 0.32

Mode of Irrigation - 0.75 0.45

% Population below Poverty - 0.50 0.48

Model based inference based on comparison of 56 models. Best model (lowest AICc = 119.67):8 parameters, 3 interaction terms Whole model R2=0.68 (adj. R2=0.52), F(12,25)=4.47, P=0.0008


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Poverty, irrigation, & bird diversity


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Residential irrigation decreased significantly with increased % poverty.


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Residential irrigation decreased significantly with increased % poverty.

Species Diversity: Multivariate results indicate that poverty has strongindirect effects on bird species diversity through intermediate variables

including irrigation, % grass, % open canopy, and mean grass height.


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O h h


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Other pathwaysbeing studied

Same sampling scheme as FBC

Tree Diversity and Coversurvey (in progress)

Social Survey of individualhouseholds (mailed this week!)

Interviews of institutionalactors (key policy makers &implementers in city govt;summer 2011)

Land Use Land Cover (LULC)analysis (preliminary)

k ll d h


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t takes a village to study the city...

Paying the bills:

National Science Foundation & U.S. ForestService (ULTRA-Ex Award # 0949036)

CSU Fresno: Provost, College of Scienceand Mathematics, Division of GraduateStudies

Robert and Norma Craig Foundation

Fresno Audubon Society

Tucson Bird Count, NiJeL for databasemanagement

Graduate students: Bradley Schleder, SethReid

City of Fresno, City of Clovis, Fresno County

Water management and urban resilience: a talk presented at the Resilience 2011 conference

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Transcript of Water management and urban resilience: a talk presented at the Resilience 2011 conference