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PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONCOUNTERMEASURES
NCHRP Report 500 Volume 10
Pedestrian Fatalities & Injuries
Pedestrian fatalities 4739 (2002 FARS)
Injuries 70,000 (2002 NHTSA)
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Where Pedestrian Crashes Occurred
Non-fatal crashes
85.7% urban
14.3% rural
Fatalities
75% urban
25% rural
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Location Type
Pedestrian fatalities in 2000 occurred;
71%, rural areas
78%, non-intersection locations
91%, in good weather
64%, at night
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Crash Type Grouping
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Objective IReduce pedestrian exposure to
vehicles
Strategy A
Provide sidewalk / walkways and curbramps
Sidewalks on both sides of the street reducepedestrian crashes by 50-90%
Sites with sidewalks are 88% less likely thansites without sidewalks (McMahon, 2002)
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Accessible Pedestrian Signals
Provide audible and/or vibrotactileinformation
Informs visually impaired when WALKinterval begins
Audible signals can provide directionalguidance, helpful on angle or skewedintersections
APS technologies Accessible Pedestrian Signals,FHWA http://www.access-
board.gov/research&training/pedsignals/pedestrian.htm
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Signal Enhancements
Including
Automated pedestrian detectors
Larger traffic signals
Countdown signals
Automated pedestrian detectors
Use infrared or microwave technology
Automated detectors can track pedestrians andextend the clearance interval if necessary
Pedestrian countdown signals count down theseconds left to finish crossing
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Right-Turn on Red (RTOR)
RTOR can increase crash risk topedestrian
MUTCD constrains RTOR
With an exclusive pedestrian phase
Where an unacceptable number of pedestrianconflicts result with RTOR
Strategy G
Construct pedestrian refuge islands andraised medians
Raised medians can serve as pedestrianrefuge
Median crossings must be accessible by curbramps or cut-throughs
Non-traversable medians reduce pedestrian/vehicle crashes over undivided and TWLTL
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3.860.97Non-traversable
6.552.48TWLTL
6.692.32Undivided
IntersectionCrashes/100 million
vehicle miles
IntersectionCrashes/100 millionentering vehicles
Pedestrian/Vehicle Crashes byMedian Type
Crossing Islands
Raised crossing island allows pedestriansto concentrate on one direction at a time
Crossing islands should be illuminated
Signs, markings, and reflectors are usedto demonstrate pedestrian environment
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Full Street Closure
All traffic is blocked
Should accommodate easy access bypedestrians and bicyclists
Emergency vehicles should have access
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Pedestrian Street
Eliminate all motor vehicles
Deliveries may be permitted off-peak
Allow some motor vehicle traffic, at verylow speeds
Risk in the restricted area dropped to 29%but rose by 30% outside the area
Objective IIImprove sight distance and/or
visibility between motor vehicles
and pedestrians
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Strategy D
Provide crosswalk enhancements
Supplement crosswalk with warning signs
In-pavement flashing lights are embedded onboth sides of crosswalk
Crosswalkmarkings shouldbe visible
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Marked vs Unmarked Crosswalk
Zeegerstudy in 2002 showed;
On two-lane roads comparing an unmarked
crosswalk and a marked crosswalk (with nosupplementary treatments), no difference insafety
On multi-lane roads with ADT above 12,000veh. per day, an unmarked crosswalk has alower accident rate than a marked crosswalk
(with no supplementary treatments)
Marked vs Unmarked Crosswalks
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Strategy E
Implement lighting/crosswalk illuminationmeasures
Well-placed lighting and adequate lightinglevel improve pedestrian safety
Perth, Australia experience 62% reduction inpedestrian/vehicle crashes at night after floodlighting the crosswalk
Signing and illumination of crosswalks saw43% reduction in nighttime pedestrian/vehiclecrashes
Strategy F
Eliminate screening by physical objects
Sight distance
Crosswalks should not be placed close tohorizontal or crest vertical curves
Parking
No parking should be located within 20 ft. in
advance of crosswalks (MUTCD)
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Utility Poles, Signs and StreetFurniture
Properly designed street corner should notobscure pedestrians
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Strategy G
Signals to alert motorists that pedestriansare coming
Electronic signs that indicate directionpedestrians are crossing
Overhead LED pedestrian signs show thedriver the direction the pedestrian is crossing
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Pedestrian-Activated Yellow Beacon
Use of overhead pedestrian signs withflashing beacons are not very effective
Reasons;
Yellow flashing warning beacons are notspecific to pedestrians
Beacon timed for a slow pedestrian maymislead drivers if a screening vehicle ispresent
In-Pavement Lighted Markers
At uncontrolledcrossings
Both sides of thecrosswalk are linedwith embeddedLEDs in RPMs
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Note: Electronic signs show pedestriancrossing, advance yield markings and a cutthrough that forces to face on-coming traffic.
Objective IIIReduce vehicle speeds
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Strategy HNarrow the Roadway
Reduce lane widths to 10-11 ft. (excesspavement striped for bike lane orshoulder)
Extend sidewalks and landscaped areas
Add parallel parking
No evidence to justify this strategy
Strategy IInstall Traffic Calming Measures
Serpentine street
Chicane
Choker
Speed humps andspeed tables
Woonerf
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Strategy JInstall Traffic Calming Intersections
Traffic calming measuresreduce the volume andspeed of cars throughneighborhoods
Curb radius reduction
Reduces speed of turns
Shortens pedestriancrossing distance
Improves sight distance
Install Mini-Circles
Force drivers to reduce speeds to maneuveraround them
May be useful where traffic volumes dontwarrant a signal or stop sign
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Curb Extensions
Bulb-out or neck-downs reduce effective street width
Improve sight distance
Demonstrate a pedestrian environment
Raised Intersection
Intended to slow vehicles through theintersection
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Modern Roundabout
Constructed with central islands of ~50-100 ft. to control speeds
Speeds in roundabout 15-30 mph
Injury crashes reduced 73%
No specific impact on pedestrian safety.Splitter island helps pedestrian safety
ADA suit in process to require trafficsignals at roundabouts
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Design Element: Roundabouts
Where practical, limit roundabouts to one-lane entrances, exits and one lane ofcirculatory traffic
Limit inscribed circle to 100 ft. diameter
Set back pedestrian crossings a minimumof 25 ft. (7.5 m) behind yield line
Design Element: Roundabouts
Use raised splitter islands to:
Control wrong way movements
Calm traffic
Provide pedestrian refuge
Design pedestrian crosswalk as a cut
through
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