Vehicles Pedestrian

7/27/2019 Vehicles Pedestrian

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destrian Collisions Spring

PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONCOUNTERMEASURES

NCHRP Report 500 Volume 10

Pedestrian Fatalities & Injuries

Pedestrian fatalities 4739 (2002 FARS)

Injuries 70,000 (2002 NHTSA)


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Where Pedestrian Crashes Occurred

Non-fatal crashes

85.7% urban

14.3% rural

Fatalities

75% urban

25% rural


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Location Type

Pedestrian fatalities in 2000 occurred;

71%, rural areas

78%, non-intersection locations

91%, in good weather

64%, at night


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Crash Type Grouping


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Objective IReduce pedestrian exposure to

vehicles

Strategy A

Provide sidewalk / walkways and curbramps

Sidewalks on both sides of the street reducepedestrian crashes by 50-90%

Sites with sidewalks are 88% less likely thansites without sidewalks (McMahon, 2002)


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Accessible Pedestrian Signals

Provide audible and/or vibrotactileinformation

Informs visually impaired when WALKinterval begins

Audible signals can provide directionalguidance, helpful on angle or skewedintersections

APS technologies Accessible Pedestrian Signals,FHWA http://www.access-

board.gov/research&training/pedsignals/pedestrian.htm


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Signal Enhancements

Including

Automated pedestrian detectors

Larger traffic signals

Countdown signals

Automated pedestrian detectors

Use infrared or microwave technology

Automated detectors can track pedestrians andextend the clearance interval if necessary

Pedestrian countdown signals count down theseconds left to finish crossing


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Right-Turn on Red (RTOR)

RTOR can increase crash risk topedestrian

MUTCD constrains RTOR

With an exclusive pedestrian phase

Where an unacceptable number of pedestrianconflicts result with RTOR

Strategy G

Construct pedestrian refuge islands andraised medians

Raised medians can serve as pedestrianrefuge

Median crossings must be accessible by curbramps or cut-throughs

Non-traversable medians reduce pedestrian/vehicle crashes over undivided and TWLTL


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3.860.97Non-traversable

6.552.48TWLTL

6.692.32Undivided

IntersectionCrashes/100 million

vehicle miles

IntersectionCrashes/100 millionentering vehicles

Pedestrian/Vehicle Crashes byMedian Type

Crossing Islands

Raised crossing island allows pedestriansto concentrate on one direction at a time

Crossing islands should be illuminated

Signs, markings, and reflectors are usedto demonstrate pedestrian environment


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Full Street Closure

All traffic is blocked

Should accommodate easy access bypedestrians and bicyclists

Emergency vehicles should have access


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Pedestrian Street

Eliminate all motor vehicles

Deliveries may be permitted off-peak

Allow some motor vehicle traffic, at verylow speeds

Risk in the restricted area dropped to 29%but rose by 30% outside the area

Objective IIImprove sight distance and/or

visibility between motor vehicles

and pedestrians


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Strategy D

Provide crosswalk enhancements

Supplement crosswalk with warning signs

In-pavement flashing lights are embedded onboth sides of crosswalk

Crosswalkmarkings shouldbe visible


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Marked vs Unmarked Crosswalk

Zeegerstudy in 2002 showed;

On two-lane roads comparing an unmarked

crosswalk and a marked crosswalk (with nosupplementary treatments), no difference insafety

On multi-lane roads with ADT above 12,000veh. per day, an unmarked crosswalk has alower accident rate than a marked crosswalk

(with no supplementary treatments)

Marked vs Unmarked Crosswalks


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Strategy E

Implement lighting/crosswalk illuminationmeasures

Well-placed lighting and adequate lightinglevel improve pedestrian safety

Perth, Australia experience 62% reduction inpedestrian/vehicle crashes at night after floodlighting the crosswalk

Signing and illumination of crosswalks saw43% reduction in nighttime pedestrian/vehiclecrashes

Strategy F

Eliminate screening by physical objects

Sight distance

Crosswalks should not be placed close tohorizontal or crest vertical curves

Parking

No parking should be located within 20 ft. in

advance of crosswalks (MUTCD)


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Utility Poles, Signs and StreetFurniture

Properly designed street corner should notobscure pedestrians


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Strategy G

Signals to alert motorists that pedestriansare coming

Electronic signs that indicate directionpedestrians are crossing

Overhead LED pedestrian signs show thedriver the direction the pedestrian is crossing


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Pedestrian-Activated Yellow Beacon

Use of overhead pedestrian signs withflashing beacons are not very effective

Reasons;

Yellow flashing warning beacons are notspecific to pedestrians

Beacon timed for a slow pedestrian maymislead drivers if a screening vehicle ispresent

In-Pavement Lighted Markers

At uncontrolledcrossings

Both sides of thecrosswalk are linedwith embeddedLEDs in RPMs


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Note: Electronic signs show pedestriancrossing, advance yield markings and a cutthrough that forces to face on-coming traffic.

Objective IIIReduce vehicle speeds


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Strategy HNarrow the Roadway

Reduce lane widths to 10-11 ft. (excesspavement striped for bike lane orshoulder)

Extend sidewalks and landscaped areas

Add parallel parking

No evidence to justify this strategy

Strategy IInstall Traffic Calming Measures

Serpentine street

Chicane

Choker

Speed humps andspeed tables

Woonerf


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Strategy JInstall Traffic Calming Intersections

Traffic calming measuresreduce the volume andspeed of cars throughneighborhoods

Curb radius reduction

Reduces speed of turns

Shortens pedestriancrossing distance

Improves sight distance

Install Mini-Circles

Force drivers to reduce speeds to maneuveraround them

May be useful where traffic volumes dontwarrant a signal or stop sign


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Curb Extensions

Bulb-out or neck-downs reduce effective street width

Improve sight distance

Demonstrate a pedestrian environment

Raised Intersection

Intended to slow vehicles through theintersection


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Modern Roundabout

Constructed with central islands of ~50-100 ft. to control speeds

Speeds in roundabout 15-30 mph

Injury crashes reduced 73%

No specific impact on pedestrian safety.Splitter island helps pedestrian safety

ADA suit in process to require trafficsignals at roundabouts


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Design Element: Roundabouts

Where practical, limit roundabouts to one-lane entrances, exits and one lane ofcirculatory traffic

Limit inscribed circle to 100 ft. diameter

Set back pedestrian crossings a minimumof 25 ft. (7.5 m) behind yield line

Design Element: Roundabouts

Use raised splitter islands to:

Control wrong way movements

Calm traffic

Provide pedestrian refuge

Design pedestrian crosswalk as a cut

through

Vehicles Pedestrian

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