- 1. Universal History Colegio Inter Canadiense de Puebla
Teacher: Roberto Snchez
2.
- History is the science thatcollects, relates and interprets the
most important knowledgeever lived since man appeared on the earths
surface until nowadays.
- It searches forcauses and consequencesso that, it can explain
past events, understand our present and speculate our future.
3. 4. Historians Antropologists/Archaeologists Study and write
about the people and events of history. Study the origins and
developments of people and their societies during prehistory; study
physical and cultural traits of people. Primarily analyze written
records; also analyze artifacts. Primarily analyze artififacts and
material remains; also analyze written records. Evaluate the
eveidence using reasonable judments and the work of other scholars
Evaluate the evidence usingreasonablejudgments, moderns
innovations, the work of other scholars Interpret and explain the
evidence Interpret and explain the evidenceSort out disagreement
over the evidence and change theories in light of new evidence.
Sort out disagreement over the evidence and change theories in
light of new evidence. 5. 7 million B.C . By this time the earliest
human ancestorsmay live in Africa.2 million B.CEarly human
ancestors have begun making and using simple stone tools. 100,000
B.CThe earliest modern humans, called homo sapiens, begin to spread
throughout the world 40,000 B.C.By this time, people have traveled
across the ocean by boat from southeast Asia to Australia. 30,000
B.C.Early people begin painting animals on the walls of caves 9000
B.C.People learned to grow their own crops and begin settling in
permanent farming villages. 3200 B.C.The worlds first civilizations
begin to develop in river valleysPrehistory 6. Hominid Groups Over
Time Hominid Group Earliest Known Evidence Australopithecines 7
million years ago HomoHabilis 2 million years ago Homo erectus 2
million years ago Homo sapiens +Neanderthal +Early modern humans
250,000-100,000 years ago 7. 8. Old Stone Age Paleolithic
Period
- Creation of stone, bone, and wood tools and weapons
- Ability to travel across water in boats
- Belief in spiritual world
- Creation of cave paintings
9. New Stone Age Neolithic Period The neolithic Revolution
- Farming and domestication of plants and animals
- Settling of permanent villages
- Dominance of family, economic and political life by men
- Gaining of prestige by warriors
- Appearance of differences in wealth
- Creation of first calendars
- More elaborate tools and new technology
10. Comprehension and Critical thinking
- How do you think the development of spoken language influenced
peoples development of skills and religious beliefs?
- How are our lives today affected by the Neolithic Revolution
about 11,000 years ago?
- How was settled village life different from nomadic life?
-
- Consider population size, social status and technology in your
answer.
11. Summarize your Ideas
- Which science collects, relates and interpretsthe knowledge
about man?
- Who are the scholars who study the past?
- When and where were the first human remains found?
- Which have been the hominid groups over the time?
- Which hominid was able to make and use tools and weapons?
- Which period does prehistory comprehend?
- What are the ages in which prehistory is divided?
- Whatare some features of the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic?
- Whats the Neolithic Revolution? When did it take place?
12. Cause andEffect Neolithic people learn to farm . Hunters and
gatherers settle intoFarming communities. Some farmers settle in
river valleys, where the soil is very fertile. New Technologies
improved farming. Food surpluses support growing populations. The
first cities are built in fertile valleys. 13. Basic Features of
Civilizations Feature Description Cities Population centers that
are notably larger and more organizedthat towns and villages and
that support the other features of civilizations. Organized
Governments Structure goverments that coodinate large-scale
projects such as food production or construction, establish laws
and organize defense systems. Complex Religions Systems of
religious beliefs that usually include rituals and worship of one
or more gods or godnesses . Job Specialization System in which
there are different types of jobs and each worker focouses on one
particular type. Social Classes Ranked groups whithin society that
are determined by job or economic standing. Arts & Architecture
Various types of artwork and buildings thatcity and its people.
Writing Structured writing systems used iniatially by governments
or religious leaders to record important information. 14.
Civilizations changed over the time
- What urged early civilizations to change?
15. Civilizations changed over the time
- How did the environment affect peoples life?
-
- They needed ample rain and fertile soil to be able to produce
crops.
-
- Drastic catastrophes could devastate entire communities.
-
- The overuse of natural resource could produce scarcity.
16. Civilizations changed over the time
- How did religion influence government and social classes?
-
- Rulers nobles and priests often controlled the land outside the
city and forced peasants to give the some crops they grow on it so
that they can support the government and temples.
17. Civilizations changed over the time
- How was the cultural diffusion given in early
civilizations?
-
- Cultural diffusion occurred through migration, trade and
warfare.
18. The First Civilizations of the world
- Production of surpluses of food
- Development of cities, civilizations, and governments.
- Government oversight of a large scale projects
- Belief in polytheists religions
- Development of social classes
- Development of art and architecture
- Invention of writing systems
- Expansion of some cities into city-states and empires
19.
- A number of early civilizations arose in the Fertile Crescent,
a region of the Middle East name for its rich soils and golden
wheat fields.
The Fertile Crescent 20. 3500 B.C . City States flourished in
Sumer 2600 B.CCities are built in the Indus Valley of South Asia
2500 B.CEgypts Old Kingdom begins 2300 B.CSargon the Ruler of
Akkad, conquers Sumer 2000 B.CThe Kingdom of Nubia develops along
the Nile River in East Africa1790 B.CHammurabi, the king of
Babylon, issues the first written the law code 1766 B.CThe Shang
Dinasty in Chine emerges. 1150 B.CThe Olmecs built the first
civilization in the Americas. 1000 B.CThe kingdom of Israel is
established, and Israelites beliefs envolve into a major religion,
Judaism 750 B.CGreek City-States such as Athens begin to develop
522 B.CDarius begins to unify the Persian Empire 509 B.CThe Roman
Republic is founded 21. Mesopotamia 22. 23. Key Words
- Ziggurat : a temple made up of a series of stacked rectangular
platforms that form a pyramid- shaped structure
- Society:an organized community with established rules and
traditions
- Polytheism:the worship of many gods
- Scribe:a professional writer
- Cuneiform:a form of wedge-shaped writing developed by the
Sumerians
- Conquer:to defeat and take over
- Empire:a large territory that is controlled by one ruler
dynasty a ruling family
24.
- Early Mesopotamia was made up of the city-states of Sumer and
Akkad. Sumer was in the south. Akkad was in the north. The
Sumerians and Akkadians had similar customs, businesses, and
religions. They spoke different languages. In about 3500 B.C.,
Sumer became more powerful than Akkad. Sumerian city-states built
temple structures calledziggurats.A ziggurat was made up of a
series of stacked rectangular platforms that formed a huge
pyramid-shaped structure. Mesopotamians believed that ziggurats
linked the heavens and Earth.
25.
- Religion was an important part of Mesopotamian society. People
in both Sumer and Akkad practiced polytheism. They worshipped many
gods. The Sumerians believed that kings were chosen by the gods to
carry out the gods' wishes. They also believed that kings passed
the right to rule to their sons. These ideas about kingship would
have an effect on later civilizations. Sumerian society was divided
into classes. Wealthy people were at the top of the class system.
Slaves were at the bottom. This kind of class system also affected
later civilizations.
26.
- In about 3200 B.C., the Sumerians invented a system of writing.
First they drew simple pictures that stood for objects or actions.
Later this picture writing was made even simpler. A professional
writer, orscribe,pressed a reed into wet clay to form wedge-shaped
markings. These marks stood for objects, activities, or sounds.
This new form of writing was calledcuneiform.People used writing to
keep records, tell stories, write letters, and set down laws.
27.
- The Rise and Fall of the Akkadian Empire
- Sargon was an Akkadian ruler. He and his armyconquered,or
defeated, Sumer's city-states in about 2334 B.C. All of Mesopotamia
came under Sargon's rule. This formed the world's firstempire.An
empire is a large territory of many different places controlled by
one ruler. The Akkadiandynasty,or ruling family, was in power for
about 150 years. By 2100 B.C., the Sumerian city-state ofUrrose to
power.
28.
- Between 2100 B.C. and 2000 B.C., the city-state of Ur in Sumer
controlled Mesopotamia. Farming, business, and culture thrived. The
oldest known written law code was created at this time. Many
important structures, such as the Ziggurat of Ur, were built during
this period. The Ziggurat of Ur is thought to be one of the largest
ziggurats ever built. In about 2000 B.C., Sumer lost power. The
contributions of the Sumerians helped other civilizations to rise.
These contributions include cuneiform, ziggurats, and the
wheel.
29. Questions 2 Review
- How were Sumerian religion and government connected?
- How did Sumerian writing system develop and change?
- Describe an example of an idea or invention that shaped
Mesopotamian civilization and influenced other civilizations?