1. Universal History Colegio Inter Canadiense de Puebla Teacher: Roberto Snchez

2.

History is the science thatcollects, relates and interprets the most important knowledgeever lived since man appeared on the earths surface until nowadays.

It searches forcauses and consequencesso that, it can explain past events, understand our present and speculate our future.

3. 4. Historians Antropologists/Archaeologists Study and write about the people and events of history. Study the origins and developments of people and their societies during prehistory; study physical and cultural traits of people. Primarily analyze written records; also analyze artifacts. Primarily analyze artififacts and material remains; also analyze written records. Evaluate the eveidence using reasonable judments and the work of other scholars Evaluate the evidence usingreasonablejudgments, moderns innovations, the work of other scholars Interpret and explain the evidence Interpret and explain the evidenceSort out disagreement over the evidence and change theories in light of new evidence. Sort out disagreement over the evidence and change theories in light of new evidence. 5. 7 million B.C . By this time the earliest human ancestorsmay live in Africa.2 million B.CEarly human ancestors have begun making and using simple stone tools. 100,000 B.CThe earliest modern humans, called homo sapiens, begin to spread throughout the world 40,000 B.C.By this time, people have traveled across the ocean by boat from southeast Asia to Australia. 30,000 B.C.Early people begin painting animals on the walls of caves 9000 B.C.People learned to grow their own crops and begin settling in permanent farming villages. 3200 B.C.The worlds first civilizations begin to develop in river valleysPrehistory 6. Hominid Groups Over Time Hominid Group Earliest Known Evidence Australopithecines 7 million years ago HomoHabilis 2 million years ago Homo erectus 2 million years ago Homo sapiens +Neanderthal +Early modern humans 250,000-100,000 years ago 7. 8. Old Stone Age Paleolithic Period

Creation of stone, bone, and wood tools and weapons

Use of fire

Spoken language

Ability to travel across water in boats

Belief in spiritual world

Creation of cave paintings

Burial of the dead

Believe in animism.

9. New Stone Age Neolithic Period The neolithic Revolution

Farming and domestication of plants and animals

Settling of permanent villages

Dominance of family, economic and political life by men

Gaining of prestige by warriors

Appearance of differences in wealth

Creation of first calendars

More elaborate tools and new technology

10. Comprehension and Critical thinking

How do you think the development of spoken language influenced peoples development of skills and religious beliefs?

How are our lives today affected by the Neolithic Revolution about 11,000 years ago?

How was settled village life different from nomadic life?

• Consider population size, social status and technology in your answer.

11. Summarize your Ideas

Which science collects, relates and interpretsthe knowledge about man?

Who are the scholars who study the past?

When and where were the first human remains found?

Which have been the hominid groups over the time?

Which hominid was able to make and use tools and weapons?

Whats prehistory?

Which period does prehistory comprehend?

What are the ages in which prehistory is divided?

Whatare some features of the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic?

Whats the Neolithic Revolution? When did it take place?

12. Cause andEffect Neolithic people learn to farm . Hunters and gatherers settle intoFarming communities. Some farmers settle in river valleys, where the soil is very fertile. New Technologies improved farming. Food surpluses support growing populations. The first cities are built in fertile valleys. 13. Basic Features of Civilizations Feature Description Cities Population centers that are notably larger and more organizedthat towns and villages and that support the other features of civilizations. Organized Governments Structure goverments that coodinate large-scale projects such as food production or construction, establish laws and organize defense systems. Complex Religions Systems of religious beliefs that usually include rituals and worship of one or more gods or godnesses . Job Specialization System in which there are different types of jobs and each worker focouses on one particular type. Social Classes Ranked groups whithin society that are determined by job or economic standing. Arts & Architecture Various types of artwork and buildings thatcity and its people. Writing Structured writing systems used iniatially by governments or religious leaders to record important information. 14. Civilizations changed over the time

What urged early civilizations to change?

15. Civilizations changed over the time

How did the environment affect peoples life?

• They needed ample rain and fertile soil to be able to produce crops.

• Drastic catastrophes could devastate entire communities.

• The overuse of natural resource could produce scarcity.

16. Civilizations changed over the time

How did religion influence government and social classes?

• Rulers nobles and priests often controlled the land outside the city and forced peasants to give the some crops they grow on it so that they can support the government and temples.

17. Civilizations changed over the time

How was the cultural diffusion given in early civilizations?

• Cultural diffusion occurred through migration, trade and warfare.

18. The First Civilizations of the world

Production of surpluses of food

Expansion of populations

Development of cities, civilizations, and governments.

Government oversight of a large scale projects

Belief in polytheists religions

Job specialization

Development of social classes

Development of art and architecture

Invention of writing systems

Expansion of some cities into city-states and empires

Cultural Diffusion

19.

A number of early civilizations arose in the Fertile Crescent, a region of the Middle East name for its rich soils and golden wheat fields.

The Fertile Crescent 20. 3500 B.C . City States flourished in Sumer 2600 B.CCities are built in the Indus Valley of South Asia 2500 B.CEgypts Old Kingdom begins 2300 B.CSargon the Ruler of Akkad, conquers Sumer 2000 B.CThe Kingdom of Nubia develops along the Nile River in East Africa1790 B.CHammurabi, the king of Babylon, issues the first written the law code 1766 B.CThe Shang Dinasty in Chine emerges. 1150 B.CThe Olmecs built the first civilization in the Americas. 1000 B.CThe kingdom of Israel is established, and Israelites beliefs envolve into a major religion, Judaism 750 B.CGreek City-States such as Athens begin to develop 522 B.CDarius begins to unify the Persian Empire 509 B.CThe Roman Republic is founded 21. Mesopotamia 22. 23. Key Words

Ziggurat : a temple made up of a series of stacked rectangular platforms that form a pyramid- shaped structure

Society:an organized community with established rules and traditions

Polytheism:the worship of many gods

Scribe:a professional writer

Cuneiform:a form of wedge-shaped writing developed by the Sumerians

Conquer:to defeat and take over

Empire:a large territory that is controlled by one ruler dynasty a ruling family

24.

Sumer and Akkad

Early Mesopotamia was made up of the city-states of Sumer and Akkad. Sumer was in the south. Akkad was in the north. The Sumerians and Akkadians had similar customs, businesses, and religions. They spoke different languages. In about 3500 B.C., Sumer became more powerful than Akkad. Sumerian city-states built temple structures calledziggurats.A ziggurat was made up of a series of stacked rectangular platforms that formed a huge pyramid-shaped structure. Mesopotamians believed that ziggurats linked the heavens and Earth.

25.

Religion and Government

Religion was an important part of Mesopotamian society. People in both Sumer and Akkad practiced polytheism. They worshipped many gods. The Sumerians believed that kings were chosen by the gods to carry out the gods' wishes. They also believed that kings passed the right to rule to their sons. These ideas about kingship would have an effect on later civilizations. Sumerian society was divided into classes. Wealthy people were at the top of the class system. Slaves were at the bottom. This kind of class system also affected later civilizations.

26.

Writing

In about 3200 B.C., the Sumerians invented a system of writing. First they drew simple pictures that stood for objects or actions. Later this picture writing was made even simpler. A professional writer, orscribe,pressed a reed into wet clay to form wedge-shaped markings. These marks stood for objects, activities, or sounds. This new form of writing was calledcuneiform.People used writing to keep records, tell stories, write letters, and set down laws.

27.

The Rise and Fall of the Akkadian Empire

Sargon was an Akkadian ruler. He and his armyconquered,or defeated, Sumer's city-states in about 2334 B.C. All of Mesopotamia came under Sargon's rule. This formed the world's firstempire.An empire is a large territory of many different places controlled by one ruler. The Akkadiandynasty,or ruling family, was in power for about 150 years. By 2100 B.C., the Sumerian city-state ofUrrose to power.

28.

Sumer's Final Days

Between 2100 B.C. and 2000 B.C., the city-state of Ur in Sumer controlled Mesopotamia. Farming, business, and culture thrived. The oldest known written law code was created at this time. Many important structures, such as the Ziggurat of Ur, were built during this period. The Ziggurat of Ur is thought to be one of the largest ziggurats ever built. In about 2000 B.C., Sumer lost power. The contributions of the Sumerians helped other civilizations to rise. These contributions include cuneiform, ziggurats, and the wheel.

29. Questions 2 Review

How were Sumerian religion and government connected?

How did Sumerian writing system develop and change?

Describe an example of an idea or invention that shaped Mesopotamian civilization and influenced other civilizations?