The Power of Open Educa2onal Resources
David Wiley, PhD Chief Academic Officer, Lumen Learning Scholar in Residence, University of Utah
Nice and Open
Meanings maGer
“Nice” -‐ late 13c.
"foolish, stupid"
“Nice” -‐ late 20c.
"kind, thoughRul"
What If…
an educator revived the old meaning?
“Nice people are certain to fail my course.”
Which “nice”?
How might the student success conversa2on change?
“Open” – Early 70s
“no admission requirements”
“Open” – Late 00s
Evolved into a much more nuanced, specific meaning
Open Educa2onal Resources?
Any kind of teaching materials – textbooks, syllabi, lesson plans,
videos, readings, exams
Open Educa2onal Resources?
1. Free and unfeGered access, and 2. Free permission to engage in the
“5R ac2vi2es”
• Make and own copies Retain • Use in a wide range of ways Reuse • Adapt, modify, and improve Revise • Combine two or more Remix • Share with others Redistribute
The 5Rs
What If…
an educator revived the old meaning?
“I’m teaching an open online course this fall.”
Which “open”?
How might the affordability conversa2on change?
Genuine Confusion
Open = free?
Open = free + 5Rs
Why Does It MaGer?
Open is extremely powerful
“Faux-‐pen” is not
Educa2on is Sharing
Faculty with students Students with teachers
Faculty Share With Students
Knowledge and skills Feedback and cri2cism
Encouragement
Students Share With Faculty
Ques2ons in Class Assignments
Exams
Successful Educators
Share most compeltely with the most students
2008 Professor in Southern US
Claimed (c) of his class lectures, declared student notes deriva2ve works,
and asserted control over their use
“Demented with the mania of owning things” Walt Whitman
If there is no sharing…
there is no educa2on.
Interlude: A Riddle
What can you give without giving it away?
Ideas are Magical (Non-‐rival)
Can be given without being given away
“He who receives ideas from me, receives instruc2on himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine receives light without darkening me.”
Thomas Jefferson
Physical Expressions Are Not
To give a book you must give it away
Expressions Are Different
To give a book you must give it away
When Expressions Are Digital
They also become magical
Unprecedented Capacity
We can share (and educate) as never before
Except We Can’t
© regulates copying, adap2ng, and distribu2ng those copies
Internet Enables
What to do?
Copyright Forbids
Use copyright to enable sharing
Features of copyright today
• aGaches any2me “original work of authorship fixed in tangible medium of expression”
• is automa2c
• applies to published/unpublished works • lasts a long 2me (typically life of author + 50
or 70 years)
• “bundle of rights” = reproduce, deriva2ve works, distribute, public performance
Features of copyright today
• copyright infringement expensive (in U.S. $750-‐$150,000/work)
• public domain = not protected by copyright
• copyright = “all rights reserved”; public domain = “no rights reserved”
• you have to ask permission
But how to ask permission?
How to support those that just want to share?
A simple, standardized, legally robust way to grant copyright permissions to creative works (and data).
“Lowers transaction costs”
CC’s legal infrastructure: (1) copyright licenses
(2) public domain tools
(1) CC copyright licenses
How do CC licenses work?
• built on tradi2onal copyright law • works within exis2ng system by allowing
movement from “all rights reserved” to “some rights reserved”
• gives creators a choice about which freedoms to grant and which rights to keep
• minimizes transac2on costs by gran2ng the public certain permissions beforehand
Step 1: Choose Conditions"Attribution"
ShareAlike"
NonCommercial"
NoDerivatives"
Step 2: Receive a License"
(2) CC public domain tools
CC0 Public Domain Dedication
• read “CC Zero” • universal waiver, permanently surrenders
copyright and related rights, placing the work as nearly as possible into the worldwide public domain
Public Domain Mark
• not legally opera2ve, but a label to be used by those with knowledge that a work is already in the public domain • useful for very old works where we know it is
in the public domain • only intended for use with works in
worldwide public domain
Over 500M OER!
Over half a billion pieces of content use Crea2ve Commons licenses
hGp://crea2vecommons.org/
Open Educa2onal Resources?
Any kind of teaching materials – textbooks, syllabi, lesson plans,
videos, readings, exams
Open Educa2onal Resources?
1. Free and unfeGered access, and 2. Free permission to engage in the
“5R ac2vi2es”
• Make and own copies Retain • Use in a wide range of ways Reuse • Adapt, modify, and improve Revise • Combine two or more Remix • Share with others Redistribute
The 5Rs
Open = Use a CC License
The de facto way to make something OER
Internet Enables
OER Allows
Leveraging the full technical capability of the internet
Decreasing Cost and Increasing Learning
Prac2cal benefits of OER
Tui2on Is Very Poli2cal
Textbook adop2ons are less poli2cal
Textbook Costs
$1229 year ($3131 tui2on) 60% some2mes skip 23% regularly skip
“Displacing Adop2ons”
Make the required textbook cost $0
Kaleidoscope Open Course Ini2a2ve
NGLC / Gates funding 8 community colleges / OA colleges
Core Ac2vi2es
Defining and aggrega2ng outcomes Finding and aligning OERs to outcomes
Crea2ng 100% OER textbook replacements
X-‐Ins2tu2onal Collabora2on Goals
Cover 10 GE courses and 4,000 students Drop required textbook cost by 50%
Phase 1 Results
Covered 11 GE courses and 9,000 students Dropped required textbook cost to $0
Increased success rate by ~ 10%
Developmental Math Results"Percentage passing with C or better
48.40%
60.18%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Spring 2011 No OER
Spring 2013 All OER
n=2,842
Phase 2 Now Underway
Cover 35 GE courses 28 Ins2tu2onal partners
Open Course Frameworks
Making OER Simple to Adopt
Open Course Frameworks • Start from learning outcomes, • curated collec2ons of OER, • openly licensed with detailed aGribu2on, • organized in a way that looks and feels like
an online course, • intended to be modified before use, • compa2ble with our con2nuous
improvement analy2cs service.
Open Course Frameworks
Making OER Simple to Adopt
Open Course Frameworks
Making OER Simple to Adopt
Open Course Frameworks
Making OER Simple to Adopt
Open Course Frameworks
Making OER Simple to Adopt
“Textbook Zero”
En2re degree program based on OER Up to 30% off the cost to graduate
“Textbook Zero”
Opened Fall 2013 at Tidewater CC Finalist for Bellwether Innova2on Award
Cost $112k to launch
Each graduate saves ~ $3000
The Daily Divide
The difference between OER and Fauxpen
Analog ⇒ Digital
Music, Phones, TV, Newspapers, Movies, Journals, &c.
Tethered ⇒ Mobile
Phones, Internet Access, Employment
Concealing ⇒ Sharing
Photos, Videos, Journal Entries
Isolated ⇒ Connected
People, Content, Systems
Generic ⇒ Personal
Cars, Computers, Mobile Phones
Consuming ⇒ Crea2ng
Newspapers / Blogs Movies & TV / YouTube
Closed ⇒ Open
Research (Ar2cles, Journals) Data (Government, Weather, GIS)
Content (Open Educa2onal Resources)
Then vs Now Analog ⇒ Digital
Tethered ⇒ Mobile Concealing ⇒ Sharing
Isolated ⇒ Connected Generic ⇒ Personal
Consuming ⇒ Crea2ng Closed ⇒ Open
Educa2on vs Everyday Analog ⇒ Digital
Tethered ⇒ Mobile Concealing ⇒ Sharing
Isolated ⇒ Connected Generic ⇒ Personal
Consuming ⇒ Crea2ng Closed ⇒ Open
“Daily Divide”
(As opposed to the digital divide)
“Academic”
(This is where the common usage derives)
“Academic”
(This is where the common usage derives)
What About Online Learning?
What About Online Learning?
Very innova2ve in 1994!
Online Learning
Analog or Digital Tethered or Mobile
Concealing or Sharing Isolated or Connected Generic or Personal
Consuming or Crea2ng Closed or Open
What About MOOCs?
MOOCs
Analog or Digital Tethered or Mobile
Concealing or Sharing(?) Isolated or Connected Generic or Personal
Consuming or Crea2ng Closed or Open
“You may not take any Online Course offered by Coursera or use any Statement of Accomplishment as part of any tui2on-‐based or for-‐credit cer2fica2on or program for any college, university, or other academic ins2tu2on without the express wriGen permission from Coursera.”
Open is Fundamental
Why?
• Make and own copies Retain • Use in a wide range of ways Reuse • Adapt, modify, and improve Revise • Combine two or more Remix • Share with others Redistribute
The 5Rs
Online Learning
Analog or Digital Tethered or Mobile
Concealing or Sharing Isolated or Connected Generic or Personal
Consuming or Crea2ng Closed or Open
Online Learning
Analog or Digital Tethered or Mobile
Concealing or Sharing Isolated or Connected Generic or Personal
Consuming or Crea2ng Closed or Open
Connec2ng
It’s “hard” to connect to something if you don't have access to it
Personalizing
It’s “hard” to personalize something if you don't have permission to modify it
Crea2ng and Sharing
It’s “hard” to make and share things when you’re constantly worried about being sued
When You Can Assume “Open”
These problems disappear
OER-‐based Courses
Analog or Digital Tethered or Mobile
Concealing or Sharing Isolated or Connected Generic or Personal
Consuming or Crea:ng Closed or Open
Divide is Growing Apart -‐ Fast
Moving both direc2ons at once
Expensive ⇒ Affordable
Music, Movies, TV Shows
Affordable ⇒ Expensive
Textbooks (+800%)
Content Affordability
Provider Cost Ne?lix – 20,000 Movies (and TV) $7.99 / month Hulu Plus – 45,000 TV (and Movies) $7.99 / month Spo:fy – 15M Songs $9.99 / month
CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $20.25 / month
Content Affordability
Provider Cost Ne?lix – 20,000 Movies (and TV) $7.99 / month Hulu Plus – 45,000 TV (and Movies) $7.99 / month Spo:fy – 15M Songs $9.99 / month
CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $20.25 / month OpenStax – 1 Open Bio Textbook $0.00 / month
Impacts of Open on:
Pedagogy Assessment
Tenure and Promo2on Research Scholarship
Business Model
Organizing and Transforming (0.85) “Overt or covert rearrangement of instruc2onal materials to improve learning. (e.g., making an outline before wri2ng a paper).... The types of strategies included in this category (such as summarizing and paraphrasing) promote a more ac3ve approach to learning tasks.” Ha}e, p. 190-‐191
hGp://pm4id.org/
But Where Are All These OER?!?
Demo 2me!
OER + Analy2cs
Con2nuous improvement
OER
Give you permission to make changes
But don’t tell you what to change
Analy2cs
Tell you what to change
But don’t give you permission to make changes
OER + Analy2cs
Con2nuous improvement
Faculty Feedback
“I wish I had this for every class I teach, for every module! The feedback and recommenda2ons are posi2ve, specific and are changes that I can implement quickly with minimal effort on my part.”
Conclusion
(Finally!)
Genuine Open Moves Us Forward
Increase learning Decrease costs
Enable new pedagogies Empower faculty
Facilitate con2nuous improvement
Fauxpen Takes Us Backward
Free but not open None of the benefits of open
Lumen Learning
It’s all open
Full set of services enabling open learning (e.g., training, licensing, ID, hos2ng, support, CI)
Discussion
hGp://lumenlearning.com/ hGp://davidwiley.org/
@opencontent
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