The The Human Human
Body: An Body: An OrientatioOrientatio
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The Human Body—An The Human Body—An OrientationOrientation
AnatomyAnatomy– Study of the structure and shape of the Study of the structure and shape of the
body and its partsbody and its parts
PhysiologyPhysiology– Study of how the body and its parts Study of how the body and its parts
work or functionwork or function
Anatomy—Levels of StudyAnatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomyGross anatomy– Large structuresLarge structures– Easily observableEasily observable
Figure 14.1
Anatomy—Levels of StudyAnatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy– Very small Very small
structuresstructures– Can only be Can only be
viewed with viewed with a microscopea microscope
Figure 14.4c–d
Levels of Structural Levels of Structural OrganizationOrganization
Figure 1.1
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-
vascularsystem
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely
Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
Figure 1.2a
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
IntegumentaryIntegumentary– Forms the external bodyForms the external body
coveringcovering– Protects deeper tissue Protects deeper tissue
fromfrominjuryinjury
– Helps regulate body Helps regulate body temperaturetemperature
– Location of cutaneousLocation of cutaneousnerve receptorsnerve receptors
Figure 1.2b
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
SkeletalSkeletal– Protects and supportsProtects and supports
body organsbody organs– Provides muscleProvides muscle
attachment for movementattachment for movement– Site of blood cellSite of blood cell
formationformation– Stores mineralsStores minerals
Figure 1.2c
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
MuscularMuscular– Produces movementProduces movement– Maintains postureMaintains posture– Produces heatProduces heat
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
NervousNervous– Fast-acting controlFast-acting control
systemsystem– Responds to internal andResponds to internal and
external changeexternal change– Activates muscles andActivates muscles and
glandsglands
Figure 1.2d
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
EndocrineEndocrine– Secretes regulatorySecretes regulatory
hormoneshormones GrowthGrowth ReproductionReproduction MetabolismMetabolism
Figure 1.2e
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