Download - The Global Market for Cellulose Nanofibers · 1.1 Applications ... 10.1.2 Cellulose nanofiber production ... 11.1.3 Improved multi-functional performance over traditional

The Global Market for Cellulose Nanofibers

© Future Markets, Inc. 2017 All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 30 ▪ 1.1 Applications………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………. 31 ▪ 1.1.1 Main opportunities in

nanocellulose……………………………………………………………………….. 36

▪ 1.2 Production worldwide……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39

▪ 1.2.1 Production plants and production status………………………………………………………………… 40

▪ 1.3 Market drivers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41

▪ 1.3.1 Demand for sustainable materials………………………………………………………………………….. 41

▪ 1.3.2 Enhanced products for paper and board industries……………………………………………….. 42

▪ 1.3.3 Unique properties lead to new products…………………………………………………………………. 43

▪ 1.3.4 Recent improvements in production and product integration…………………………………. 43

▪ 1.4 Market and technical challenges…………………………………………………………………………………….. 43

▪ 1.4.1 Characterization…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43

▪ 1.4.2 Production……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44

▪ 1.4.3 Functionalization…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44

▪ 1.4.4 Moisture absorption and aggregation…………………………………………………………………….. 44

▪ 1.4.5 Scalability……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45

▪ 1.4.6 Lack of current products…………………………………………………………………………………………. 45

▪ 1.4.7 Cost-competitiveness with traditional technology…………………………………………………… 45

▪ 1.5 Global cellulose nanofibers market size…………………………………………………………………………. 46



▪ 1.5.1 The market for cellulose nanofibers in 2017…………………………………………………………… 46

▪ 1.5.2 Nanocellulose global revenues and demand in tons, 2015–2027………………………….. 50

▪ 1.5.3 Cellulose nanofiber market by region…………………………………………………………………….. 52

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 55 ▪ 2.1 MARKET OPPORTUNITY

ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………………. 56

▪ 2.1.1 Stage of commercialization…………………………………………………………………………………….. 56

▪ 2.1.2 Economic impact by 2027………………………………………………………………………………………. 57

▪ 2.1.3 Current market size for equivalent applications……………………………………………………… 57

▪ 2.1.4 Ease of commercialization……………………………………………………………………………………… 57

▪ 2.1.5 Competitive landscape…………………………………………………………………………………………… 57

▪ 2.1.6 Cost……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58

▪ 2.1.7 Competition from other materials…………………………………………………………………………… 58

▪ 2.1.8 Regulatory/Government policy push………………………………………………………………………. 58

▪ 2.1.9 Market pull……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58

▪ 2.2 MARKET CHALLENGES RATING SYSTEM…………………………………………………………………. 58

3 NANOCELLULOSE………………………………………………………………… 61 ▪ 3.1 What is

nanocellulose?…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 61

▪ 3.2 Types of nanocellulose…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 63

▪ 3.2.1 NanoFibrillar Cellulose (NFC)………………………………………………………………………………… 65



▪ 3.2.1.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65

▪ 3.2.1.2 Production methods of NFC producers………………………………………………………….. 67

▪ 3.2.2 NanoCrystalline Cellulose (NCC)…………………………………………………………………………… 68

▪ 3.2.2.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69

▪ 3.2.3 Bacterial Cellulose (BCC)………………………………………………………………………………………. 70

▪ 3.2.3.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71

▪ 3.3 Synthesis of cellulose materials……………………………………………………………………………………… 71

▪ 3.3.1 Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)……………………………………………………………………………. 71

▪ 3.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)………………………………………………………………………………. 72

▪ 3.3.3 Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC)………………………………………………………………………………. 72

▪ 3.3.4 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)………………………………………………………………………………… 73

▪ 3.3.5 Bacterial cellulose particles (CNC)…………………………………………………………………………. 74

▪ 3.4 Properties of nanocellulose…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75

▪ 3.5 Advantages of nanocellulose………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76

▪ 3.6 Manufacture of nanocellulose………………………………………………………………………………………… 76

▪ 3.7 Production methods……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 77

▪ 3.7.1 Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods…………………………………………………………. 80



▪ 3.7.2 Nanocrystalline celluose production methods………………………………………………………… 80

4 CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS MARKET STRUCTURE………………… 81 ▪ 4.1 Routes to

commercialization…………………………………………………………………………………………… 81

▪ 4.2 Market structure from materials production to end product…………………………………………….. 81

▪ 4.3 Volume of industry demand for CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS BY CELULOSE NANOFIBER producer sales………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84

▪ 4.4 Current end users for nanocellulose, by market and company………………………………………. 86

5 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS………………… 88 6 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS…………………………………………. 90

▪ 6.1 Standards……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90

▪ 6.1.1 International Standards Organization (ISO)……………………………………………………………. 90

▪ 6.1.2 American National Standards………………………………………………………………………………… 90

▪ 6.1.3 CSA Group…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90

▪ 6.2 Toxicity…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91

▪ 6.3 Regulation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93

7 REGIONAL INITIATIVES AND GOVERNMENT FUNDING………….. 95 8 CELLULOSE NANOFIBER APPLICATIONS…………………………….. 96

▪ 8.1 High volume, medium volume and low volume cellulose nanofiber applications………. 96

9 CELLULOSE NANOFIBER TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL)………………………………………………………………………………………… 98 10 CELLULOSE NANOFIBER END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………………. 100

▪ 10.1 Production of cellulose nanofibers……………………………………………………………………………. 100

▪ 10.1.1 Microfibrillated cellulose…………………………………………………………………………………… 100



▪ 10.1.2 Cellulose nanofiber production………………………………………………………………………… 100

▪ 10.1.3 Production volumes, by region…………………………………………………………………………. 102

▪ 10.1.4 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 102

▪ 10.1.5 Prices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 105

▪ 10.2 Cellulose nanofibers patents & publications…………………………………………………………….. 107

11 COMPOSITES INCLUDING THERMOPLASTICS AND RUBBER ADDITIVES……………………………………………………………………………… 114

▪ 11.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 114

▪ 11.1.1 Growing use of polymer composites………………………………………………………………… 114

▪ 11.1.2 Increased need for advanced, protective materials………………………………………….. 115

▪ 11.1.3 Improved multi-functional performance over traditional composites-green AND strong 115

▪ 11.1.4 Multi-functionality……………………………………………………………………………………………… 116

▪ 11.1.5 Growth in the wind energy market……………………………………………………………………. 116

▪ 11.1.6 Environmental impact of carbon fibers…………………………………………………………….. 116

▪ 11.1.7 Shortcomings of natural fiber composites and glass fiber reinforced composites 117

▪ 11.2 APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 118

▪ 11.2.1 Applications by cellulose type………………………………………………………………………….. 118

▪ 11.2.2 Applications timeline………………………………………………………………………………………… 119

▪ 11.3 Global market size and opportunity………………………………………………………………………….. 120

▪ 11.3.1 Biopackaging……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124

▪ 11.3.1.1 Market drivers and trends……………………………………………………………………………. 124



▪ 11.3.1.2 Anti-microbial packaging biofilm market is growing……………………………………… 129

▪ 11.3.1.3 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 130

▪ 11.3.1.4 Global market size and opportunity……………………………………………………………… 132

▪ 11.3.1.5 Market challenges……………………………………………………………………………………….. 136

▪ 11.3.1.6 Product developer profiles…………………………………………………………………………… 138

▪ 11.3.2 Aerospace and aviation……………………………………………………………………………………. 138


▪ 11.3.2.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140



▪ 11.3.3 Automotive……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 146


▪ 11.3.3.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 149




▪ 11.3.4 Construction & building……………………………………………………………………………………. 157




▪ 11.3.4.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 159




12 PAPER & BOARD………………………………………………………………… 167 ▪ 12.1 Market drivers and

trends………………………………………………………………………………………… 167

▪ 12.1.1 Environmental………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 167

▪ 12.1.2 Need to develop innovative new products in the paper and board industry……… 167

▪ 12.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 167

▪ 12.2.1 Paper packaging………………………………………………………………………………………………. 169

▪ 12.2.2 Paper coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 169

▪ 12.2.3 Anti-microbials…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 169


▪ 12.3.1 Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board…………….. 171

▪ 12.4 Market challenges……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173

▪ 12.5 Product developer profiles……………………………………………………………………………………….. 174

13 TEXTILES……………………………………………………………………………. 176



▪ 13.1 Market drivers and trends………………………………………………………………………………………… 176

▪ 13.1.1 Growth in the wearable electronics market………………………………………………………. 176

▪ 13.1.2 Growth in the market for anti-microbial textiles………………………………………………… 176

▪ 13.1.3 Need to improve the properties of cloth or fabric materials………………………………. 177

▪ 13.1.4 Environmental and regulatory………………………………………………………………………….. 178

▪ 13.1.5 Need for biodegradable sanitary products……………………………………………………….. 178

▪ 13.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 179


▪ 13.3.1 Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles………………….. 181



14 MEDICAL & HEALTHCARE………………………………………………….. 184 ▪ 14.1 Market drivers and

trends………………………………………………………………………………………… 185

▪ 14.1.1 Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy………………………………………………………. 185

▪ 14.1.2 Shortcomings of chemotherapies…………………………………………………………………….. 185

▪ 14.1.3 Biocompatibility of medical implants………………………………………………………………… 185

▪ 14.1.4 Anti-biotic resistance………………………………………………………………………………………… 186

▪ 14.1.5 Growth in advanced woundcare market…………………………………………………………… 186

▪ 14.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 186



▪ 14.2.1 Drug delivery……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 187

▪ 14.2.2 Medical implants………………………………………………………………………………………………. 187

▪ 14.2.3 Tissue engineering…………………………………………………………………………………………… 188

▪ 14.2.4 Wound dressings……………………………………………………………………………………………… 188

▪ 14.2.5 Laterial flow immunosay labels………………………………………………………………………… 189



15 COATINGS, FILMS & PAINTS……………………………………………….. 195 ▪ 15.1 Market drivers and

trends………………………………………………………………………………………… 195

▪ 15.1.1 Sustainable coating systems and materials……………………………………………………… 195

▪ 15.1.2 Chemical to bio-based……………………………………………………………………………………… 195

▪ 15.1.3 Increased demand for abrasion and scratch resistant coatings……………………….. 196

▪ 15.1.4 Increased demand for UV-resistant coatings…………………………………………………… 196

▪ 15.1.5 Growth in superhydrophobic coatings market………………………………………………….. 197

▪ 15.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 198

▪ 15.2.1 Abrasion and scratch resistance………………………………………………………………………. 198

▪ 15.2.2 Wood coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 199

▪ 15.2.3 Anti-counterfeiting films……………………………………………………………………………………. 199



▪ 15.2.4 Gas barriers……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 199

▪ 15.3 Global market size……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 199

▪ 15.3.1 Market challenges……………………………………………………………………………………………. 205

▪ 15.3.1.1 High viscosity………………………………………………………………………………………………. 205

▪ 15.3.1.2 Moisture sorption…………………………………………………………………………………………. 205

▪ 15.3.1.3 Durability……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 205

▪ 15.3.1.4 Dispersion……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 206

▪ 15.3.1.5 Transparency………………………………………………………………………………………………. 206

▪ 15.3.1.6 Production, scalability and cost……………………………………………………………………. 206


16 AEROGELS…………………………………………………………………………. 208 ▪ 16.1 Market drivers and

trends………………………………………………………………………………………… 208

▪ 16.1.1 Energy efficiency……………………………………………………………………………………………… 208

▪ 16.1.2 Demand for environmentally-friendly, lightweight materials……………………………… 208


▪ 16.3 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 210

▪ 16.3.1 Thermal insulation……………………………………………………………………………………………. 210

▪ 16.3.2 Medical…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 210



▪ 16.3.3 Shape memory………………………………………………………………………………………………… 211


17 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION………………………………………………. 212 ▪ 17.1 Market drivers and

trends………………………………………………………………………… 212 ▪ 17.1.1 Need to reduce operating costs and improve operation

efficiency…………………… 212 ▪ 17.1.2 Increased demands of drilling

environments……………………………………………………. 213 ▪ 17.1.3 Increased exploration in extreme

environments………………………………………………. 214 ▪ 17.1.4 Environmental and

regulatory………………………………………………………………………….. 214

▪ 17.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 215

▪ 17.2.1 Oil and fracking drilling fluids……………………………………………………………………………. 216

▪ 17.2.2 Extraction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 217


▪ 17.3.1 Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas………………………………. 218



18 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION………………………………………….. 222 ▪ 18.1 Market drivers and

trends………………………………………………………………………………………… 222

▪ 18.1.1 Need for improved membrane technology……………………………………………………….. 222

▪ 18.1.2 Water shortage and population growth…………………………………………………………….. 223

▪ 18.1.3 Need for improved and low cost membrane technology………………………………….. 224



▪ 18.1.4 Need for improved groundwater treatment technologies………………………………….. 225

▪ 18.1.5 Cost and efficiency…………………………………………………………………………………………… 225

▪ 18.1.6 Growth in the air filter market…………………………………………………………………………… 225

▪ 18.1.7 Need for environmentally, safe filters……………………………………………………………….. 226

▪ 18.1.8 Recyclability of polymer membranes……………………………………………………………….. 226

▪ 18.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 226

▪ 18.2.1 Water filtration………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 228

▪ 18.2.2 Air filtration……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 228

▪ 18.2.3 Virus filtration…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 229


▪ 18.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration…………………………………………….. 231



19 RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS……………………………………………………… 236 ▪ 19.1 Applications…………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………… 236 ▪ 19.1.1 Food…………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………… 237 ▪ 19.1.2 Pharmaceuticals…………………………………………………

……………………………………………. 237 ▪ 19.1.3 Cosmetics…………………………………………………………

……………………………………………… 237 ▪ 19.2 Product developer

profiles……………………………………………………………………………………….. 238

20 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS……………………………… 239



▪ 20.1 Market drivers and trends………………………………………………………………………………………… 239

▪ 20.1.1 Environmental………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 239

▪ 20.1.2 Flexible, wearable and paper electronics markets growing……………………………… 239

▪ 20.1.3 Need for improved barrier function…………………………………………………………………… 241

▪ 20.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 241

▪ 20.2.1 Wearable electronics……………………………………………………………………………………….. 242

▪ 20.2.1.1 Nanopaper…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 245

▪ 20.2.1.2 Paper memory……………………………………………………………………………………………… 247

▪ 20.2.2 Conductive inks……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 247


▪ 20.3.1 Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in printed and flexible electronics.. 250


▪ 20.4.1.1 Manufacturing……………………………………………………………………………………………… 252

▪ 20.4.1.2 Integration……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 252

▪ 20.4.1.3 Competing materials……………………………………………………………………………………. 253


21 3D PRINTING………………………………………………………………………. 254 ▪ 21.1 Market

drivers………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 254

▪ 21.1.1 Improved materials at lower cost……………………………………………………………………… 254



▪ 21.1.2 Limitations of current thermoplastics……………………………………………………………….. 254


▪ 21.2.1 Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D printing………………………………. 256



22 CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS COMPANY PROFILES…………………………….. 258-342 (24 company profiles including production capactities, products, production processes, commercial applications, collaborations, target markets and contact details).

22.4 OTHER PRODUCERS AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS…………………………………… 343-359 (30 company profiles) 23 MAIN NANOCELLULOSE RESEARCH CENTRES…………………… 360-371 (23 profiles) 24 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….. 373

TABLES ▪ Table 1: Market summary for nanocellulose-Selling grade particle diameter,

usage, advantages, average price/ton, market estimates, global consumption, main current applications, future applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31

▪ Table 2: Markets and applications for nanocellulose………………………………………………………………….. 33

▪ Table 3: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose, by application………………………………… 36

▪ Table 4: Nanocellulose production plants worldwide and production status……………………………….. 40

▪ Table 5: Current and planned production capacities, by major suppliers, pilot/pre-commercial and commercial volumes……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41

▪ Table 6: Cellulose nanofiber products in Japan………………………………………………………………………….. 47



▪ Table 7: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of cellulose nanofibers into key markets………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50

▪ Table 9: Nanocellulose properties………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65

▪ Table 10: Applications of nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC)……………………………………………………………….. 65

▪ Table 11: Production methods of NFC producers………………………………………………………………………. 67

▪ Table 12: Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)………………………………………………………….. 70

▪ Table 13: Applications of bacterial cellulose (BC)……………………………………………………………………….. 71

▪ Table 14: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71

▪ Table 15: Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72

▪ Table 16: Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72

▪ Table 17: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 73

▪ Table 18: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 74

▪ Table 19: Properties and applications of nanocellulose………………………………………………………………. 75

▪ Table 20: Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials…………… 77

▪ Table 21: Nanocellulose nanocrystal sources and scale…………………………………………………………….. 78

▪ Table 22: Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods……………………………………………………………… 80

▪ Table 23: Cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) production methods…………………………………………………….. 80

▪ Table 24: Cellulose nanofiber market structure…………………………………………………………………………… 81



▪ Table 25: Current and potential end users for cellulose nanofibers, by market and company……. 86

▪ Table 26: SWOT analysis of cellulose nanofibers………………………………………………………………………. 88

▪ Table 27: Safety of Micro/Nanofibrillated cellulose……………………………………………………………………… 91

▪ Table 28: Potential high volume impact of cellulose nanofiber and likelihood of market impact…. 96

▪ Table 29: Production capacities of CNF producers per annum in tons, current and planned……. 100

▪ Table 30: Markets and applications for cellulose nanofibers…………………………………………………….. 102

▪ Table 31: Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanofiber producers…………………………….. 105

▪ Table 32: Published patent publications for nanocellulose, 1997-2013…………………………………….. 108

▪ Table 33: Nanocellulose patents as of May 2015……………………………………………………………………… 108

▪ Table 34: Research publications on nanocellulose materials and composites, 1996-2013………. 109

▪ Table 35: Nanocellulose patents by organisation……………………………………………………………………… 110

▪ Table 36: Nanocellulose patents by organisation, 2014……………………………………………………………. 111

▪ Table 37: Main patent assignees for NCC, as of May 2015……………………………………………………… 112

▪ Table 38: Main patent assignees for NFC, as of May 2015………………………………………………………. 112

▪ Table 39: Main patent assignees for BCC, as of May 2015………………………………………………………. 112

▪ Table 40: Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials……………………….. 117

▪ Table 41: Equivalent cost of nanocellulose and competitive materials in polymer composites…. 119

▪ Table 42: Applications of nanocellulose in polymer composites by cellulose type……………………. 119

▪ Table 43: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the polymer composites market……………………. 119

▪ Table 44: Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in composites………………………………………. 120

▪ Table 45: Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in composites……………………. 121

▪ Table 46: Limitations of cellulose nanofibers in the development of nanocomposites………………. 121

▪ Table 47: Application markets, competing materials, cellulose nanofibers advantages and current market size in



composites…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 122

▪ Table 48: Demand for cellulose nanofibers the composites market, 2015-2027 (tons)…………….. 123

▪ Table 49: Examples of antimicrobial immobilization into cellulose nanofibers………………………….. 129

▪ Table 50: Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum based materials and other polymers…………………………………………………… 131

▪ Table 51: Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in biopackaging……………………………………. 132

▪ Table 52: Application markets, competing materials, NFC advantages and current market size in packaging…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 133

▪ Table 53: Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in biopackaging…………………. 135

▪ Table 54:Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the biopackaging market, 2015-2027 (tons)………. 136

▪ Table 55: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the biopackaging market………….. 137

▪ Table 56: Companies developing nanocellulose products in bio packaging, applications targeted and stage of commercialization………………………………………………………………………………………….. 138

▪ Table 57: Applications in aerospace composites, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof…. 140

▪ Table 58: Nanomaterials in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact………………………………………………………………………………………………… 142

▪ Table 59: Market size for nanocellulose in aerospace and aviation………………………………………….. 143

▪ Table 60: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the aerospace and aviaton market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 145

▪ Table 61: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the aerospace market……………… 145

▪ Table 62: Applications of natural fiber composites in vehicles by manufacturers……………………… 148

▪ Table 63: Application markets, competing materials, cellulose nanofibers advantages and current market size in the automotive sector…………………………………………………………………………………… 151

▪ Table 64: Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector………………………. 152



▪ Table 65: Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive industry…. 153

▪ Table 66: Market size for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive industry………………………………… 153

▪ Table 67: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………. 154

▪ Table 68: Applications and commercilization challenges for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 155

▪ Table 69: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive market……………… 155

▪ Table 70: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in the automotive industry, applications targeted and stage of commercialization………………………………………………………… 156

▪ Table 71: Comparison of nanocellulose with steel and other materials…………………………………….. 159

▪ Table 72: Market size for cellulose nanofibers in construction and civil engineering………………… 159

▪ Table 73: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction, building protection and exterior coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.. 160

▪ Table 74: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the construction and building market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 161

▪ Table 75: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the construction, building protection and architectural exterior coatings market………………………………………………………………………….. 162

▪ Table 76: Cellulose nanofibers in polymer composites-Companies and products……………………. 163

▪ Table 77: Cellulose nanofibers applications timeline in the paper and board markets……………… 167

▪ Table 78: Global packaging market, billions US$……………………………………………………………………… 170

▪ Table 79: Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board……………. 171

▪ Table 80: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paper and board market, 2015-2017 (tons)… 173

▪ Table 81: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the paper and board market…….. 174

▪ Table 82: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paper and board, applications targeted and stage of commercialization…………………………………………………………………………….. 174

▪ Table 83: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of



nanomaterials……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 179

▪ Table 84: Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles…………………………… 181

▪ Table 85: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of cellulose nanofibers into textiles. 181

▪ Table 86: Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles……………………………………………… 182

▪ Table 87: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles and apparel market.. 183

▪ Table 88: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in textiles, applications targeted and stage of commercialization…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 183

▪ Table 89: Cellulose nanofiber applications timeline in the medical and healthcare markets…….. 186

▪ Table 90: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the drug formulation and delivery market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact……………… 189

▪ Table 91: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in medical implants and devices market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact…………………………. 191

▪ Table 92: Cellulose nanofibers opportunity in the wound care market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact……………………………………………………………. 192

▪ Table 93: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 193

▪ Table 94: Cellulose nanofibers product developers in medical and healthcare applications…….. 193

▪ Table 95: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the coatings and paints markets…………………… 198

▪ Table 96: Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in coatings and films……………………………. 201

▪ Table 97: Application markets, competing materials, cellulose nanofibers advantages and current market size in coatings and films………………………………………………………………………………………… 202

▪ Table 98: Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in coatings and films…………. 203

▪ Table 99: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paint and coatings market, 2015-2017 (tons). 204

▪ Table 100: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the coatings and films market… 206



▪ Table 101: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paper coatings and non-packaging coating products, applications targeted and stage of commercialization…………… 207

▪ Table 102: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………… 209

▪ Table 103: Cellulose nanofibers applications timeline in the aerogels market………………………….. 210

▪ Table 104: Cellulose nanofibers product developers in aerogels……………………………………………… 211

▪ Table 105: Cellulose nanofibers applications timeline in the oil market……………………………………. 215

▪ Table 106: Application markets, competing materials, cellulose nanofibers advantages and current market size in oil and gas……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 218

▪ Table 107: Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas……………………………………… 218

▪ Table 108: Cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact…………………………………………………………………………………………. 219

▪ Table 109: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 220

▪ Table 110: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas exploration market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 220

▪ Table 111: Cellulose nanofibers product developers in oil and gas exploration……………………….. 221

▪ Table 112: Types of filtration…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 222

▪ Table 113: CNF membranes…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 224

▪ Table 114: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the filtration market……………………………………… 226

▪ Table 115: Application markets, competing materials, cellulose nanofibers advantages and current market size in filtration………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 231

▪ Table 116: Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in filtration………………………………………….. 231

▪ Table 117: Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration industry……. 232



▪ Table 118: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………….. 233

▪ Table 119: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market………………… 234

▪ Table 120: Companies developing cellulose nanofiber products in filtration, applications targeted and stage of commercialization………………………………………………………………………………………….. 235

▪ Table 121: Cellulose nanofibers applications timeline in the rheology modifiers market…………… 236

▪ Table 122: Commercial activity in cellulose nanofiber rheology modifiers………………………………… 238

▪ Table 123: Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)……………………. 240

▪ Table 124: Cellulose nanofiber applications timeline in flexible electronics………………………………. 241

▪ Table 125: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films………………………………………. 245

▪ Table 126: Global market for wearables, 2014-2021, units and US$……………………………………….. 248

▪ Table 127: Application markets, competing materials, Cellulose nanofibers advantages and current market size in electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 250

▪ Table 128: Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in the flexible and printed electronics sector…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 250

▪ Table 129: Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in flexible electronics………. 251

▪ Table 130: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the printed and flexible electronics market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 253

▪ Table 131: Companies developing cellulose nanofiber products in paper electronics, applications targeted and stage of commercialization…………………………………………………………………………….. 253

▪ Table 132: Application markets, competing materials, cellulose nanofibers advantages and current market size in 3D printing……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 255

▪ Table 133: Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D printing……………………………………… 256

▪ Table 134: Market opportunity assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D printing…………………… 256



▪ Table 135: Market challenges rating for cellulose nanofibers in the 3D printing market……………. 257

▪ Table 136: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers 3D printing products,…………………………. 257

▪ Table 137: Nanocellulose producers and types of nanocellulose produced……………………………… 258

▪ Table 138: Target market, by nanocellulose producer……………………………………………………………… 259

FIGURES ▪ Figure 1: CNF wet powder………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39 ▪ Figure 2: Cellulose nanofiber transparent sheet…………………………………………………………………………. 43 ▪ Figure 3: CNF transparent sheet………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45 ▪ Figure 4: Running shoes incorporating cellulose nanofibers………………………………………………………. 46 ▪ Figure 5: Ballpoint pen incorporating cellulose nanofibers………………………………………………………….. 47 ▪ Figure 6: Onkyo speakers, incorporating CNF……………………………………………………………………………. 48 ▪ Figure 7: Daio Paper toilet wipes………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49 ▪ Figure 8: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)…………………………………….. 49 ▪ Figure 9: Cellulose nanofibers market, by type, 2015–2027 (Tons)……………………………………………. 51 ▪ Figure 10: Cellulose nanofiber market by region, 2017………………………………………………………………. 53 ▪ Figure 11: Cellulose nanofiber market by region, 2027………………………………………………………………. 54 ▪ Figure 12: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit……………………………………………………. 61 ▪ Figure 13: Scale of cellulose materials……………………………………………………………………………………….. 62 ▪ Figure 14: Types of nanocellulose………………………………………………………………………………………………. 64 ▪ Figure 15: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses…………………………………………….. 64



▪ Figure 16: TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals………………………………………………………………………… 69 ▪ Figure 17: Main steps involved in the preparation of NCC………………………………………………………….. 79 ▪ Figure 18: Schematic of typical commercialization route for cellulose nanofiber producer…………. 81 ▪ Figure 19: Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose by cellulose nanofiber producer sales, 2016……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 85 ▪ Figure 20: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for cellulose nanofibers…………………………………….. 99 ▪ Figure 21: Production volumes of cellulose nanofibers 2017, by region…………………………………… 102 ▪ Figure 22: Nanocellulose patents by field of application, 2013………………………………………………… 110 ▪ Figure 23: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the composites market, 2015-2027 (tons)……….. 123 ▪ Figure 24: Example process for producing NFC packaging film……………………………………………….. 128 ▪ Figure 25: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the biopackaging market, 2015-2017 (tons)…….. 136 ▪ Figure 26: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the aerospace and aviaton market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 144 ▪ Figure 27: Nanomaterials-based automotive components………………………………………………………… 149 ▪ Figure 28: NFC composite………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 151 ▪ Figure 29: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive market, 2015-2017 (tons)………… 154 ▪ Figure 30: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the construction and building market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 161 ▪ Figure 31: Paper and board global demand……………………………………………………………………………… 171 ▪ Figure 32: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paper and board market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 173 ▪ Figure 33: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 192



▪ Figure 34: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market……………………………….. 200 ▪ Figure 35: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paints and coatings market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 204 ▪ Figure 36: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, 2015-2017 (tons)……………. 209 ▪ Figure 37: Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 216 ▪ Figure 38: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (tons)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 219 ▪ Figure 39: Nanocellulose virus filter paper………………………………………………………………………………… 230 ▪ Figure 40: Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2015-2017 (tons)……………… 233 ▪ Figure 41: Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials………………………………………. 242 ▪ Figure 42: Cellulose nanofiber films…………………………………………………………………………………………. 243 ▪ Figure 43: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper…………………………………………………………………… 244 ▪ Figure 44: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF………………………………… 245 ▪ Figure 45: Foldable nanopaper…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 246 ▪ Figure 46: Foldable nanopaper antenna…………………………………………………………………………………… 246 ▪ Figure 47: Paper memory (ReRAM)…………………………………………………………………………………………. 247 ▪ Figure 48: Global market revenues for smart wearable devices 2014-2021, in US$………………… 248 ▪ Figure 49: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, conservative estimate………………………………………………………………………………………………… 249 ▪ Figure 50: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, optimistic estimate……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 249



▪ Figure 51: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet………………………………………………………………………………….. 265 ▪ Figure 52: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric………………………………. 266 ▪ Figure 53: Nonwoven fabric made from CNF……………………………………………………………………………. 267 ▪ Figure 54: Rheocrysta spray…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 288 ▪ Figure 55: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp……………………………………………………………………. 301 ▪ Figure 56: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic……………………………………………………………….. 301 ▪ Figure 57: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers……………………………………………………………………. 302 ▪ Figure 58: CNF transparent film……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 305 ▪ Figure 59: CNF wet powder……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 306 ▪ Figure 60: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF………………………………………………………….. 333 ▪ Figure 61: Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film……………… 338