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THE BERLIN WALL
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Another Cold War crisis
Background
East West rivalry
Berlin divided contrast the two halves.
WEST: Prosperous,
helped by US, attracted
people from the East.Seen by USSR as
infection in the heart of
Communist East
Germany.
EAST: Much less
prosperous and under
Communist control
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Focus on refugees from East Germany or
East Berlin to West
19491949--129,245129,245
19511951-- 165,648165,648
19531953-- 331,390331,390
19551955-- 252,870252,870
19571957-- 261,622261,622
19591959-- 143,917143,917
19611961-- 207,026207,026
19621962-- 21,35621,356
19631963-- 42,63242,632
19641964-- 41,87641,876
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What they wanted
The West
Prevent USSR fromgaining control of EastGermany
To see a united,democratic Germany
The East
Maintain control overE Germany
Make the Westrecognise it as anindependent state
Stop the flood ofrefugees especially
the skilled andprofessional ones much needed in EGermany
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1958-Soviet demands
West should:
Recognise GDR
Withdraw troops from West Berlin
Hand their access routes over to theEast German government
Khrushchev bluffed that he would hand
East Berlin over to the GDR. Westrefused and Khrushchev backed down.
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Events of1961 June-Vienna Summit
Khrushchev pressured new AmericanPresident John F Kennedy
Demanded withdrawal of Western forces
from West Berlin Kennedy refused July Western powers reject Khrushchevs
Vienna demands
July 23 Flow of refugees from East to West
= 1000 a day July 25 Kennedy repeats support for West
Berlin and announced increase in armsspending
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Events contd
13-22 August Khrushchev and EastGerman govt. orders barbed wire barrieracross Berlin, followed by a wall of
concrete blocks All of West Berlin encircled apart from
access points
This was against the FourPoweragreement reached in Paris on 20 June1949.
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Did Kennedy really mind the wall?
He had protected West Berlin and
he never promised to protect East
Berlin?
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Results
Important results for Berlin, Germany
and the Cold War
BerlinBerlin was divided, free access ended
between East and West, many families
split, many attempted to escape to the
West-between 1961 and 1989, 86
people died trying to cross the BerlinWall
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Results contd
Kennedy accepted the Soviet action. He refusedto use US troops to pull down the wall to avoidwar.
Kennedy looked weak but West turned it intopropaganda why if Communism was soattractive was a wall needed?
1963 Kennedy visited West Berlin pledgedcontinued support Ich bin ein Berliner(I am aBerliner) famous speech
Khrushchev lost face by failing to remove theWest from Berlin
LINK:CNN - Cold War-The Wall
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What was the Berlin Wall?
The Berlin Wall was a fence dividing East and WestGermany.
West Germany was under a Republic government whilstEast Germany was a communist society with conflicting
interests to that of the west.
It was constructed in 1961 by East Germany otherwiseknown as the German Democratic Republic (GDR) to keeptheir people from fleeing the communist country.
Many East Germans saw West Germany as a chance forliberation. Whilst the East German Government Restrictedthe public from migrating, they were aware that WestGermany was sufficiently well constructed.
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What was the Berlin Wall con.
On the night of August 13th 1961, East Germany began the
construction on the Berlin Wall. The concrete establishment
was 4m high and 166km long, dividing the two areas.
The GDR claimed that the wall was assembled to preventpolitical and military aggression from West Germany.
However, the East Germans built both tank traps and
trenches along the eastern border, Implying that the wall was
in fact erected to restrict the immigration of East Germans.
East German military guards strictly patrolled the Wall, any
citizen attempting to flee was shot instantly.
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East German Guards on a routine Wall petrol
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The End of the Berlin Wall
From 1961 to 1989, a few East Germans succeeded in fleeingthe country, although at least 80 people were killed as a resultof military brutality.
In summer 1989 a loop hole allowed East Germans to escapethe country via Hungry to Austria and West Germany.
By autumn the GDR was under sever threat of abolishment. Onthe 9th ofNovember enthusiastic private citizens began todestroy large sections of the wall without government protest.
By 1990 East Germany had participated in the deconstructionand removal of the Berlin Wall and was once again united with
West Germany to create one nation, the Federal Republic ofGermany.
To this day sections of the wall were remain and manymuseums and shops were established in its commemoration
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A temporary memorial of over 1,000 crosses
and a segment of the wall for those who died
attempting to cross.
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By Jim Olsen
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My Life and the Berlin Wall
Jim Olsen born 1956.
The Berlin Wall was erected in 1961 by
the communist government, to make it
impossible for East Germans to leave
their country.
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Berlin, 1961. Berlin Wall at Zimmerstrasse. West
Berliners watching over the Wall to the East.
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Berlin. Bernauer Strasse/Brunnenstrasse
View from West to East Berlin.
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Berlin, Checkpoint CharlieView from West to East Berlin, 1961
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Standoff between
US and Soviettanks at
Checkpoint
Charlie, 1961.
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In sixth grade my social studies teacher
showed slides of her visit to Berlin.
My first encounter with the Berlin Wall.
This is what she described.
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Berlin, PotsdamerPlatz, 60s
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Berlin, PotsdamerPlatz, 60s
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Brandenburg Gate photographed through thebarbed wire there, from the West
Berlin, April 1963
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Checkpoint CharlieBerlin, April 1963
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Berlin, 1963. John F. Kennedy visiting Berlin on
June 26, 1963.
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JFK gave his famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech.
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html
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President Kennedy says,
Ich bin ein Berliner.
(I am a Berliner) I support you.
Due to the Allied Air Lift, from a few yearsprior, and President Kennedys support,
West Berlin remained a vigorous and
healthy city. Berlin, unfortunately,remained divided.
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In the last phase of the wall's development, the
"death strip" between fence and concrete wall.
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East Germans were killed if they tried to
escape.
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In the summer of 1972 I traveled to
Berlin with my family (my second
encounter).
This is the sight I saw.
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Brandenburg Gate
View from West Berlin to East Berlin
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Berliner Mauer, Berlin 1983.
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United States President Ronald Reagan delivers his famed"Tear Down This Wall" speech at the Berlin Wall in June of
1987, in which he called for Soviet General SecretaryMikhail Gorbachev to tear down the wall.
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreaganbrandenburggate.htm
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In 1989 the Berlin Wall came DOWN!!
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My friend sent be
a post cardshowing peoplewalking under
the
BrandenburgGate for the
first time since1961.
My 4th encounter.
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In summer 2007 I took my family to Berlin.
My 5
th
encounter. It was awesome!
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Here we are at the Hard Rock Caf, Berlin with
my friend, Heinz.
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They have the line marked where the Wall stood.
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PotsdamerPlatz
has been
restored.
They have kept
a section of
the Wall.
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PotsdamerPlatz restored.
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PotsdamerPlatz
Sony Center
2007
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Checkpoint Charlie today.
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Checkpoint Charlie today.
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Photo taken of
my children
with a relic ofpast
communist
oppression.
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Brandenburg Gate, 2007.
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I AM THANKFUL THE BERLIN WALL IS NO
MORE.
I AM THANKFUL FOR FREEDOM.