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The ASEAN Regional Forum and
Other ASEAN-Centric Regional
Institutions and the Asia-Pacific
Emeritus Professor Carlyle A. Thayer
CPG Asia Pacific Security Conference
Sukosol Hotel, BangkokDecember 3-4, 2013
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Association of South East Asian
Nations (ASEAN)Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 1976
Chapter IV Pacific Settlement of Disputes
ASEAN High Council
good offices, mediation, inquiry or conciliation
High Council may constitute itself as a committee
of mediation, inquiry or conciliation
ASEAN Draft Code of Conduct South China Sea
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ASEAN Charter
Settlement of Disputes
Resolve peacefully all disputes in a timely
manner through dialogue, consultation and
negotiation.ASEAN shall maintain and establish dispute
settlement mechanisms in all fields of ASEAN
CooperationGood Offices, Conciliation and Mediation
Chairman of ASEAN or Secretary-General
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ASEAN
Summit
ConsultativeCouncil
PoliticalSecurityCouncil
EconomicCouncil
Socio-CulturalCouncil
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ASEAN Community 2015
Three Pillars
Political-Security
EconomicSocio-
Cultural
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ASEAN Political Security Cooperation
ASEAN PoliticalSecurityCouncil
ASEAN DefenceMinisters
Meeting
Other SecurityMinistries
ASEANMaritime
Forum
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ADMM
ADSOM
Army Navy
ASEAN Chiefsof Navy
Air Intelligence
ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting
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ASEAN Security Community
Plan of ActionI. Political Development
II. Shaping and Sharing NormsIII. Conflict Prevention
IV. Conflict Resolution
V. Post-Conflict Peace-BuildingVI. Implementing Mechanisms
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Shaping and Sharing Norms
Strengthening Treaty of Amity andCooperatin (TAC) regime
Development of the ASEAN Charter
Declaration on Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea (DOC)
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Conflict Prevention
Confidence Building Measures (CBMs)
Preventive Measures (PD)
ARF processCooperation on non-traditional security
Respect for territorial integrity, sovereignty
and unity of members countries
Cooperation on separatist threats
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Strengthening ARF Process
ASEAN early warning systemto prevent
occurrence and escalation of conflicts
ARF Unit within the ASEAN Secretariat
Enhanced role of the ARF Chair
Moving the ARF into Stage 2 (PD) and beyond
implementation of the Concept Paper on
Preventive Diplomacy
establishment of an Intersessional Support Group
on Preventive Diplomacy
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Conflict Resolution
Strengthening Dispute SettlementMechanism
Developing regional cooperation formaintenance of peace and security
Developing supporting initiatives
Thai-Cambodia Border Conflict 2010?
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Post-Conflict Peace-Building
Strengthening ASEAN humanitarian assistance
Developing cooperation in post-conflict
reconstruction and rehabilitation in affectedareas
Establishing a mechanism to mobilise
necessary resources for post-conflict peacebuilding
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ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
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ARF Membership N = 27
Brunei China Myanmar
Indonesia European Union Cambodia
Malaysia Japan Mongolia
Philippines South Korea North Korea
Singapore New Zealand India
Thailand PNG Pakistan
Vietnam Russia East Timor
Australia United States Bangladesh
Canada Laos Sri Lanka
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1stARF Chairman's Statement
to foster constructive dialogue andconsultationon political and security
issues of common interest andconcern; and
to make significant contributions toefforts towards confidence-buildingand preventive diplomacyin the Asia-Pacific region.
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Decision-Making
Decisions of the ARF shall be made throughconsensus after careful and extensiveconsultations among all participants.
no voting
Move at a pace comfortable to all ARFmembers
Chairman of ARF is Chairman of the ASEAN
Standing Committee Chairmans Statement after annual meeting
Non-binding
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2ndARF Chairmans Statement
The approach shall be evolutionary, takingplace in three broad stages, namely
the promotion of confidence building,
development of preventive diplomacy and elaboration of approaches to conflicts.
The ARF process is now at Stage I, and shallcontinue to discuss means of implementing
confidence building. Stage II, particularly where the subject matter
overlap, can proceed in tandemwith Stage I.
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ARF Security Dialogue Forum
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ARF Definition of Preventive Diplomacy
To help prevent disputes and conflicts from
arising between States that could potentially
pose a threat to regional peace and stability; To help prevent such disputes and conflicts from
escalating into armed confrontation; and
To help minimize the impact of such disputesand conflicts on the region.
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Overlap between CBMs and PD
Enhanced role of the ARF Chair
ARF Registers of Experts/Eminent
Persons,Annual Security Outlookand
Voluntary background briefing on
regional security issues
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Principles of Preventive Diplomacy
1. Requires diplomacy
2. Non-coercive
3. Timely4. Requires trust and
confidence
5. Consultation andconsensus
6. Voluntary
7. Conflicts between andamong states
8. International law, UNCharter, FivePrinciples of PeacefulCoexistence and
ASEAN Treaty ofAmity andCooperation
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ARF Work Program
Inter-Sessional Support Group (ISG)/Inter-Sessional Meeting (ISM)
Mandates renewed annually
Co-chaired by ASEAN & Non-ASEAN
1995-97 ISM on Search and Rescue
1995-97 ISM on Peacekeeping
1995-99 ISM on Disaster Relief
resumed 2004continuing
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Phase 2 Preventive Diplomacy
15thARF (2008) endorsesARF Review Paper
Senior Officials directed to draw upPreventative Diplomacy Work Plan
priority to non-traditional security challenges Explicit PD measures to promote peaceful
cooperation and prevent disputes and tensionsfrom escalating into armed conflict
Phase 2 is to accompany the developmentof the ASEAN Political-Security Community
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Preventive Diplomacy Tool Kit
Good offices, fact finding, mediation
Enhanced role of the ARF Chair
Troikapast, present and future ARF Chairs Friends of the Chair
ARF Experts and Eminent Persons
ASEAN Secretariat to assist - ARF Unit
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ARF Achievements
Venue for multilateral dialogue and
consultations
Habits of dialogue and consultations onpolitical and security issues
Willingness of ARF participants to discuss a
wide range of security issues multilaterally
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ARF Achievements
Agreed principles for dialogue and
cooperation
consensus, non-interference, pace comfortable to
all
peaceful settlement of differences
Continuing CBMs as foundation
Enhancing linkages between Track 1 and Track
2 in the ARF processes
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ARF Achievements
Greater participation by defense and militaryofficials
ARF ISMs and ISGs
Networking developed among national-security, defense and military officials
Transparency through exchange of
information on defense policy andpublication of white papers
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ARF Achievements
Priority cooperation in fight againstinternational terrorism and transnational
crime
Support for non-proliferation, arms control,disarmament efforts
tentative steps preventive diplomacy
But role in conflict resolution undeveloped North Korea nuclear issues
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ASEAN Defence Ministers Plus
China
USA
New
Zealand
Japan
India
SouthKorea
Australia
Russia
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Six Expert Working Groups
MaritimeSecurity
HA/DR
PeaceKeeping
CounterTerrorism
MilitaryMedicine
MineClearance
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ASEAN-Centric Security Cooperation
ARF
Inter-SessionalMeetings (ISM)
Inter-SessionalSupport Group
(ISG)
ASEAN +
ADMM Plus
Enlarged AMF
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l f
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ARF
ADMM-Plus
Enlarged AMF
EAS
ASEAN Plus Three(China, Japan,South Korea)
US PACOMTheatre
Engagement Pivot/rebalancing
Sub-regionalmiddle power
multilateralism FPDA
Middlepowers
operatingas equals
Hierarchicalunder U.S.
Leadership
ASEAN-centric
multi-lateralism
Exclusive EastAsian
Regionalism
Overlapping Patterns of Security Cooperation
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Conclusion
No single regional security institution
effectively covers the Asia-Pacific Region
Multiple overlapping architectures deal with
hard and soft security challenges
The ASEAN Wayembedded in ARF,
ADMM+, Enlarged AMF, and EAS
Preventive diplomacy at nascent stage
No enforcement structures
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The ASEAN Regional Forum and
Other ASEAN-Centric Regional
Institutions and the Asia-Pacific
Emeritus Professor Carlyle A. Thayer
CPG Asia Pacific Security Conference
Sukosol Hotel, BangkokDecember 3-4, 2013
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