Technology Review, Oct 2009
Assignments: Wind Assignment Due Thurs. Nov 5
Study Quizzes for Chap 15 and Chap 19 “Due” Tues. Nov. 10.
Chapter 19:
Air Pollution and Noise
Living and Working in a Healthy Environment
Sources of the 5 major pollutants in the U.S
Note: Historically, the 6th Major Pollutant was lead.
Source and Composition of Particulates
sulfates, ash
sea salt
meteoritic material
Soot, NOx, VOCs
Soot, organic
soot
methane, ammonia
soot
Soot, sulfates, VOCs
Minerals, clays
Let’s consider those compounds that the Federal Government regulates National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Secondary(1300
µg/m3)0.50 ppm3-hour Average
Primary(365 µg/m3)0.14 ppm24-hour Average
Primary(80 µg/m3)0.03 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Primary & Secondary65 µg/m324-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary15 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean **
Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary150 µg/m324-hour Average
Primary & Secondary50 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean
Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary1.5 µg/m3Quarterly Average
Lead (Pb)
Primary & Secondary(157 µg/m3)0.08 ppm8-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary(235 µg/m3)0.12 ppm1-hour Average
Ozone (O3)
Primary & Secondary(100 µg/m3)0.053 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Primary(40 mg/m3)35 ppm1-hour Average
Primary(10 mg/m3)9 ppm8-hour Average
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
STANDARDTYPE
STANDARDVALUE *
POLLUTANT
Secondary(1300
µg/m3)0.50 ppm3-hour Average
Primary(365 µg/m3)0.14 ppm24-hour Average
Primary(80 µg/m3)0.03 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Primary & Secondary65 µg/m324-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary15 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean **
Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary150 µg/m324-hour Average
Primary & Secondary50 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean
Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary1.5 µg/m3Quarterly Average
Lead (Pb)
Primary & Secondary(157 µg/m3)0.08 ppm8-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary(235 µg/m3)0.12 ppm1-hour Average
Ozone (O3)
Primary & Secondary(100 µg/m3)0.053 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Primary(40 mg/m3)35 ppm1-hour Average
Primary(10 mg/m3)9 ppm8-hour Average
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
STANDARDTYPE
STANDARDVALUE *
POLLUTANT
Texas Air Quality
Lecture 32Texas Air Quality
http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.national
U.S. Federal Regulation of Air Pollution
Air pollution Control Act of 1955Clean Air Act of 1963Amendment to CAA - Motor Vehicle Air
pollution Control Act of 19651970 Clean Air Amendments and formation of
the EPA. 1975 catalytic converter developed.
U.S. pollution trends since 1977
Signs that regulation works!
Types of SMOG
1.Industrial London Smog – combination of smoke and fog
- At the end of the 1800’s, 40% less sunlight in London than surrounding towns
- Health effects- Vitamin D deficiency, Rickets, Tubercolosis
2. Photochemical Smog
Consists mainly of secondary pollutants: Ozone (O3), NO2, VOCs
Forms when sunlight induces chemical changes in gases and aerosols
Causes poor visibility, burning eyes, sore lungs, worsen conditions of the heart and lungs, possible mortality.
Photochemical and Industrial Smog
“LA Smog”:Brown-air smog in Los Angeles
“London Smog or Industrial Smog”Gray-air in New York City
© Dean D. Fetterolf/ShutterStock, Inc. © Chad Littlejohn/ShutterStock, Inc.
Photochemical Smog Ozone (O3) in the Troposphere
Most problematic air pollutant in many areas of the U.S.
Ozone is not directly emitted into the atmosphere, but instead forms through a complex series of reactions.
It is largely because of this complexity that ozone is so difficult to control.
Ozone chemistry(gas-phase only)
NO2 NO
O3
HO2
RO2OH
N2O5
NO3
HNO3
VOC
HONO
h
H2Oh H2O2
NOx and VOC sources in the Greater Houston Area
19.2 The Effects of Climate and Topography on Air Pollution
Air pollution levels in a region are affected by a number of factors, among them:
Temperature Sunlight Wind Other climate factors
They are also affected by the topography.
FIGURE 05a: Temperature profiles: normal pattern
FIGURE 05b: Temperature profiles: temperature inversion
The Health Effects of Air Pollution
FIGURE 6: Urban air pollution and incidence of emphysema in Winnipeg and St. Louis
Effects on Plants and Nonhuman Animals
FIGURE 7:Trees killed by acid deposition in
Pisgah Nation Forest, North Carolina
© Jerry Whaley/age fotostock
19.5 Noise: The Forgotten Pollutant
Sound is characterized by loudness (measured in decibels) and pitch (how high or low it is).
Indoor Air Pollution
FIGURE 14: Radon protection
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