Technology Review, Oct 2009 Assignments: Wind Assignment Due Thurs. Nov 5 Study Quizzes for Chap 15...
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Transcript of Technology Review, Oct 2009 Assignments: Wind Assignment Due Thurs. Nov 5 Study Quizzes for Chap 15...
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Technology Review, Oct 2009
Assignments: Wind Assignment Due Thurs. Nov 5
Study Quizzes for Chap 15 and Chap 19 “Due” Tues. Nov. 10.
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Chapter 19:
Air Pollution and Noise
Living and Working in a Healthy Environment
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Sources of the 5 major pollutants in the U.S
Note: Historically, the 6th Major Pollutant was lead.
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Source and Composition of Particulates
sulfates, ash
sea salt
meteoritic material
Soot, NOx, VOCs
Soot, organic
soot
methane, ammonia
soot
Soot, sulfates, VOCs
Minerals, clays
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Let’s consider those compounds that the Federal Government regulates National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Secondary(1300
µg/m3)0.50 ppm3-hour Average
Primary(365 µg/m3)0.14 ppm24-hour Average
Primary(80 µg/m3)0.03 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Primary & Secondary65 µg/m324-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary15 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean **
Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary150 µg/m324-hour Average
Primary & Secondary50 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean
Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary1.5 µg/m3Quarterly Average
Lead (Pb)
Primary & Secondary(157 µg/m3)0.08 ppm8-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary(235 µg/m3)0.12 ppm1-hour Average
Ozone (O3)
Primary & Secondary(100 µg/m3)0.053 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Primary(40 mg/m3)35 ppm1-hour Average
Primary(10 mg/m3)9 ppm8-hour Average
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
STANDARDTYPE
STANDARDVALUE *
POLLUTANT
Secondary(1300
µg/m3)0.50 ppm3-hour Average
Primary(365 µg/m3)0.14 ppm24-hour Average
Primary(80 µg/m3)0.03 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Primary & Secondary65 µg/m324-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary15 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean **
Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary150 µg/m324-hour Average
Primary & Secondary50 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean
Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less
Primary & Secondary1.5 µg/m3Quarterly Average
Lead (Pb)
Primary & Secondary(157 µg/m3)0.08 ppm8-hour Average **
Primary & Secondary(235 µg/m3)0.12 ppm1-hour Average
Ozone (O3)
Primary & Secondary(100 µg/m3)0.053 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Primary(40 mg/m3)35 ppm1-hour Average
Primary(10 mg/m3)9 ppm8-hour Average
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
STANDARDTYPE
STANDARDVALUE *
POLLUTANT
Texas Air Quality
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Lecture 32Texas Air Quality
http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.national
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U.S. Federal Regulation of Air Pollution
Air pollution Control Act of 1955Clean Air Act of 1963Amendment to CAA - Motor Vehicle Air
pollution Control Act of 19651970 Clean Air Amendments and formation of
the EPA. 1975 catalytic converter developed.
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U.S. pollution trends since 1977
Signs that regulation works!
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Types of SMOG
1.Industrial London Smog – combination of smoke and fog
- At the end of the 1800’s, 40% less sunlight in London than surrounding towns
- Health effects- Vitamin D deficiency, Rickets, Tubercolosis
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2. Photochemical Smog
Consists mainly of secondary pollutants: Ozone (O3), NO2, VOCs
Forms when sunlight induces chemical changes in gases and aerosols
Causes poor visibility, burning eyes, sore lungs, worsen conditions of the heart and lungs, possible mortality.
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Photochemical and Industrial Smog
“LA Smog”:Brown-air smog in Los Angeles
“London Smog or Industrial Smog”Gray-air in New York City
© Dean D. Fetterolf/ShutterStock, Inc. © Chad Littlejohn/ShutterStock, Inc.
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Photochemical Smog Ozone (O3) in the Troposphere
Most problematic air pollutant in many areas of the U.S.
Ozone is not directly emitted into the atmosphere, but instead forms through a complex series of reactions.
It is largely because of this complexity that ozone is so difficult to control.
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Ozone chemistry(gas-phase only)
NO2 NO
O3
HO2
RO2OH
N2O5
NO3
HNO3
VOC
HONO
h
H2Oh H2O2
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NOx and VOC sources in the Greater Houston Area
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19.2 The Effects of Climate and Topography on Air Pollution
Air pollution levels in a region are affected by a number of factors, among them:
Temperature Sunlight Wind Other climate factors
They are also affected by the topography.
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FIGURE 05a: Temperature profiles: normal pattern
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FIGURE 05b: Temperature profiles: temperature inversion
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The Health Effects of Air Pollution
FIGURE 6: Urban air pollution and incidence of emphysema in Winnipeg and St. Louis
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Effects on Plants and Nonhuman Animals
FIGURE 7:Trees killed by acid deposition in
Pisgah Nation Forest, North Carolina
© Jerry Whaley/age fotostock
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19.5 Noise: The Forgotten Pollutant
Sound is characterized by loudness (measured in decibels) and pitch (how high or low it is).
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Indoor Air Pollution
FIGURE 14: Radon protection