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SOLAR W ATER HEATING INTRODUCTION
Additional System Components
Source: http://www.solarsupply.com/images/Grundfos1.jpg
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Development and Use
This presentation was developed as a result of apartnership with (list organizations) and (list instructors)as part of the Midwest Solar Training Network withleadership from the Midwest Renewable EnergyAssociation.
The development of this presentation was supported withfunding from U.S. Department of Energy as part of thegrant DE-EE0002089.001
All materials in this presentation are designed expressly
for educational purposes and for open public use. Theymay not be used for publication or commercialadvertisement.
Source:
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Contributors
Authors/Co-Authors: Benjamin Nusz, Mid-State Technical College
Editors/Reviewers: Jack Gutschenritter, Wisconsin Solar Installations
Sharon Alexander , Hot Water Products Alex Depillis, EcoEnergy LLC
Andy DeRocher , Full Spectrum Solar
John Hippensteel, Lake Michigan Wind and Sun
Mark Morgan, Bearpaw Design and Const.
John Price, Access Solar Energy Systems
Bob Ramlow, Artha Sustainable Living Center
Karl Schwingel, Northwind Renewable Energy
Todd Timmerman, Timmerman’s Talents
Ron Wroblewski, Productive Energy Solutions
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Content Summary
The following covers the additional components thatare installed in solar water heating systems.
Outline
Solar Storage Tanks Heat Exchangers
Pumps
Valves
Differential Temperature Controllers
Expansion Tanks
Piping and Insulation
Source:
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Solar Storage Tanks
Storage Tanks with InternalHeat Exchangers
Storage Tanks w/ ExternalHeat Exchangers
Two types of configurations:
Thermosiphon
Double-pumped
Caleffi2008
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Indirect Tanks with Internal Heat
Exchangers – Coil inside tank
http://www.seattleplumber.com/images/WHIndirectpic.gif
Scale build up aroundcoil
Great surface area for heat transfer
Some coils arewhirled or rifled toincrease surface area
Requires galvanicprotection or stainlesscoil
HWP 2010
http://411plumb.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Bock-SideKick-Indirect-Water-Heater.jpg
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Indirect Tanks with Internal Heat
Exchangers – Coil around tank
http://img.alibaba.com/photo/265364637/JPS_single_copper_coil_solar_tank_solar_water_heater_.jpg
Less scale build up
Less surface areafor heat transfer
Can use standardcopper coil withoutcoating
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Indirect Tanks with Internal Heat
Exchangers – Jacketed (Tank-in-Tank)
https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0422/5adb8d6
Low scale build up
Great surface area for heat transfer
High volume of glycol needed - $$
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Storage Tanks with External Heat
Exchangers
Most require a double pumpconfiguration
Solar Pump and Water Pump
Plate type Smaller, more head loss
Tube in shell
Larger, less head loss
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External or Internal Heat Exchanger?
Internal heat exchangers: Usually cost less
Easier installation and simpler system
Fewer pumps
Multiple components limited by tank life External heat exchangers:
Easier serviceability of components in case of failureor mineral build-up
Heat exchanger variety in size and type
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Heat Exchanger Plate Type
http://courses.ucsd.edu/rherz/ceng120/notes/heat_exchangers/fp_heatexchangersuk_com.gif http://www.genemco.com/aloe/movingheatexchanger.gif
Plate Type Stainless, Cupronickel
(copper nickel alloy),galvanized, etc…
Can be single or double
walled
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Heat Exchanger Tube-in-Shell (Cane Bundle)
http://www.sunearthinc.com/SunTherm.html
AAAsolar.com
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Drainback
Tanks
Hold all of thesolar fluid
Optional features
Site glass Internal heat
exchanger
http://www.sunearthinc.com/DrainbackTanks.html
http://www.aetsolar.com/literature/DB%20Specs.pdf
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Multiple heat exchanger tanks
The German Solar Energy Society. 2005. Planning and Installing Solar Thermal Systems: AGuide for Installers, Architects and Engineers. Earthscan: Frieberg, Germany.
Multiple heatexchangers in asingle tank
Allows for multiple
inputs or outputs Can be pressurized
or atmospheric
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http://renewableenergyengineering.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/Thermal-Storage-Tank-With-Heat-Exchangers.122133131_std.jpg
Multiple heat exchanger tanks
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Large Volume Storage TanksStainless Steel
•Built to fit through doorways
•Custom fabricated
•Square tanks have Greater volume per area but are weaker at the seams
Nusz, Benjamin
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Large Volume Storage TanksEPDM Lined Tanks
•EPDM Lined solar storage tanks
•Collapsible to fit into basements
http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/WaterHeating/LargeDB/solar%20DHW%2047th%20st.%2011.10.06%20011.jpg
http://education.nachi.org/images/upload/solar_thermal_storage_tank_coils.JPG
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•Fiberglass Tanks
•Can be sectional
•Relatively inexpensive
Large Volume Storage TanksSpun Fiberglass Tanks
www.raventank.com
AAASolar.com
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•Can be installed outdoors or installed
during intial construction
•Relatively inexpensive
•Must be buried or provided withadditional supports
Large Volume Storage TanksCast Concrete Tanks
http://www.ecbabbert.com/uploads/images/Septic%20-%20Aeration/Septic%20Tank%202.JPG
http://www.classconcrete.com/Images/Construction/100_0025.JPG
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Large Volume Storage TanksWooden Tanks
•Home-made Solar Storage Tank
•Wooden Frame
•EPDM Lining
•Short Lifespan
•Develop Leaks
http://www.jc-solarhomes.com/drum/multi_30.jpg
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Large Volume TanksMultiple Tanks
Less Efficient More heat exchangers and
more heat loss
More Expensive
More Complicated toPlumb
Shorter Lifespan
Parallel
ConfigurationSchwingel, Karl
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Circulation Pumps
Pressurized systems use low head circulators(available in AC or DC models)
Only need to overcome the friction in the pipes
Unpressurized drainback systems use high head
circulators (available in AC only) Must overcome pipe friction and gravity
More strongly consider an AC pump for evacuatedtube collectors
Greater resistance through header
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AC Pumps
Circulating pumps to movesolar fluid or water
Controlled by differentialtemperature controller
Parasitic losses More significant in drainback
systems due to larger pump size
Timers and multiple pumps
Variable speeds and multiple
speed settings
Bronze, Cast and Stainlessbody construction
http://www.solarsupply.com/images/Grundfos1.jpg
http://www.houseneeds.com/shop/images/Taco_Circulator.jpg
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Low Head
Circulators
Caleffi 2008
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Caleffi 2008
High Head
Circulators
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DC Pumps
Very small circulatingpumps
Controlled by directconnection with PV
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)
Don’t always need a DTC,
but occasionally installed
Electronically drivenimpellers
http://www.carhil.com.au/images/353_Pump_Detail.jpg
http://www.siliconsolar.com/shop/solarimages/El-Sid-Solar-Circulating-Pump_T.jpg
March Pumps 2010
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Propylene Glycol
Antifreeze solution
Biodegradable, non-toxicand food grade
Used quite commonly in thefood and beauty productsindustry
Proprietary blends of corrosion inhibitors andstabilizers
Rated to withstand at least350F continuous
http://www.dermaxime.com/images/propylene-glycol.jpg
Lower specific heatcapacity than water (0.85Btu/lb @50%concentration)
Mix of ~50% for pressurized and 30%for drainback
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Check Valve
Allow fluid in onlyone direction
Prevent reversethermosiphoning
and night time heatlosses
Vacation bypass
Spring Type
Swing Type
http://www.brass-valves.com
http://lh3.ggpht.com/_YOjepBEvjc8/SSC4RUhxA5I/AAAAAAAACRw/ozq6TBP1Z-U/s400/Swing%20Check%20valve.PNG
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iff i l T
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Differential Temperature
Controller (DTC)
Measures collector and tanktemperatures
Controls pumps or valves
Multiple control options
Staged pumps Overheat protection
Space heating integration
High-Limit (drainback only)
Data logging and WI-FI
Lightning protection andgrounding
http://www.sun-volt.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/dtc-eagle-2.jpg
http://www.resol.de/Produktfotos/DeltaSolDB_500x500.jpg
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Automatic Air Vent
Allows entrapped air bubbles to escape thesystem
Highest point of thesystem
Experience extremetemps on solar loop
Pressurized systems
and potable water loops only
Oftentimes isolatedand removed
http://www.caleffi.us/en_US/caleffi/Details/News/images/AirVentWP.JPG
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Ball Valves
Used to stop or slow flow
Can be used toregulate flow
Isolation valves
Full port or fullflow
http://www.spiraxsarco.com/images/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/12/2/fig_12_2_1.gif
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Gate Valves
Used to stop flow ona hydronic loop
Only intended to befully open or fully
closed Generally not used
on the solar loop
http://www.poolplaza.com/pool-school/gate_valves.gif
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Boiler Drains
Used to add or removefluid from the system
Ball or gate type
Remember to tightenthe seals before use
http://www.hardwarestore.com/media/product/246991_front200.jpg
http://www.plumbersurplus.com/images/prod/6/Mueller-102-054HC-rw-165244-243248.jpg
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Thermostatic Mixing Valve
Combines supplies of hot and coldwater to a specific temperature setting
Adjusts ratio of hot and cold based onsupply temperatures
Anti-scald safety device
Increases available heat from storagetank
Optional Check valves to prevent heat bleeding into
the cold line
Unions for removal and cleaning
Adjustable temperature output
Not a tempering valve
Honeywell.com
http://www.ecomfortusa.com/images/Caleffi_ Solar_Thermostatic_mixing_valve.jpg
T t d
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Temperature and
Pressure Relief Valve
Safety valve for bothtemperature and pressure
Code required for anypressurized vessel connected
to a heat source Not used on the
solar loop
Drain pipe needs
to terminate within
6” of the floor
http://www.farrellthurston.com/restricted/tinymce/jscripts/tiny _mce/plugins/imagemanager/files/pressure-valve.png
http://www.nefa.com.au/media/20474/pressure%20&%20temperature%20relief%20valve%20sectioned.gif
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Pressure Relief Valves
Used on the solar loop to preventdangerous pressures
Indicator of system failure
Pre-set or adjustable
80-90psi release Drain pipe attached
that terminates
within 6” of
the floor
Use a bucket
to catch fluid
http://www-3.plumbworld.co.uk/12-3-bar-ff-pressure-relief-valve-with-000060M.jpg
http://shop.solardirect.com/images/p_watts530c_050_d.gif
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Packaged Systems
Plug and play solar water heating systems
Contain all parts for afunctioning system
May not be one size fitsall
http://www.siliconsolar.com/shop/solarimages/Solar-Station--double-pump-_D1249594279.jpg
http://www.heliodyne.com/products_systems/pops/swh_cool.html
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Pressure gauges (usually 0-100 psi)
Temperature gauges (usually 0-250°F)
Both sides of the heat exchanger to see the temperaturerise/drop
Between solar storage and back-up water heater
After the mixing valve
Mount gauges facing out or down so that they do
not trap air bubbles
Temperature and Pressure Gauges
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Provides space for fluidexpansion
Rubber bladder
Pressurized on opposite side
Expansion Tank
DeRocher
2009
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Copper
Hard or soft
Type M, L, or K (thinnest to thickest wall)
Solder – 95/5 or stronger
PEX (cross-linked polyethylene)
Cheaper per foot
Needs more support
Lower temp and pressure ratings
Generally not appropriate for hot side of solar loop
Corrugated Stainless Steel Flex Pipe Easy installation
High head
Higher cost
Piping
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Temp ratings: 200°F return / 250°F supply
Elastomeric, closed cell foam Armaflex
K-flex
Rubatex
FiberglassConcerns with waterlogging
Exterior requirements: moisture, UV, animals
Usually needs jacketing ¾” wall thickness (R-3) minimum
Insulation
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System Configuration
Boiler Drain
Boiler Drain
DeRocher 2009
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System Configuration
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System Configuration
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System Configuration
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System Configuration
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Works Cited
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Additional Resources
Provide a list of resources for further investigation,including books, websites, and organizations