DATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTION
Courtesy From: Dato Dr. Abd Jamil AbdullahPakar Bedah PerundingHKT
Dr Suhazeli bin AbdullahDr Suhazeli bin AbdullahFamily Medicine SpecialistFamily Medicine Specialist
KK PermaisuriKK Permaisuri
Dr Suhazeli bin AbdullahDr Suhazeli bin AbdullahFamily Medicine SpecialistFamily Medicine Specialist
KK PermaisuriKK Permaisuri
9 - 11 April 2007 QA PKD Setiu 2
Problem Prioritisation
Quality Quality Assurance Assurance
CycleCycle
Problem Analysis
Quality Assurance
Study
Identification of Identification of Remedial Remedial ActionsActions
Implementation of Implementation of Remedial ActionsRemedial Actions
Re-evaluation of the Problem
Problem Identification
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Plan for Data Collection
• Why plan?
• Clear overview of what tasks to be carried out
• Who should perform task• Duration of tasks
• Minimise errors & delays due to lack of planning
• Organise human & material resources efficiently
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Plan for Data Collection
• How?
• Work Schedule
• List task• Who is involved• Time needed for different parts of study• Identify most appropriate time to begin study
• Gantt Chart
• Schedule different activities carried out
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Gantt Chart
PerkaraApr 06
Mei06
Jun 06
Jul 06
Ogs 06
Sep 06
Okt 06
Nov 06
Dis 06
Penyediaan proposal dan material kajian
Taklimat & Latihan
Keluarkan surat arahan
Pengumpulan data
Analisa data
Penambahbaikan
Penilaian Semula
Laporan
Persembahan
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Stages in Data Collection Process
• Stage 1• Permission to proceed
• Stage 2• Data Collection
• Stage 3• Data Handling
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Stage 2: Data collection
Hence• Must know
i) WHAT data to collect
ii) WHERE to get the data
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WHAT data to collect
Masa Menunggu
WHERE to collect data: A&E HS
Bil Masa pendaftaran
Masa jumpa doktor
Masa Menunggu
1. 8:00am 9:00am 1 jam
2. 8:45am 10:00am 1 jam 15 min
3. 10:00am 12:30pm 2 jam 30 min
Masa Menunggu di A&E
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KAJIAN KEPUASAN PELANGGAN
WHATWHAT data to collectdata to collect
1055035MASA MENUNGGU
PENDAFTARAN
MASA MENUNGGU DOKTOR
53065
54321
54321
Sangat BaikBaikSerdahanaKurang memuaskan
Tidak memuaskan
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WHAT data to collectWHAT data to collect
• Jumlah pesakit DM yang drop out
• Jumlah pesakit DM
No show patient for ENT opNo show patient for ENT op
Jumlah pesakit ENT yang no show
Jumlah pesakit yang diberi appt.
High follow-up drop-out rate of diabetic High follow-up drop-out rate of diabetic patient’s in KKKBpatient’s in KKKB
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Masalah Yang Mungkin - Masalah Yang Mungkin - Severe NNJSevere NNJ
INCIDENCE OF SEVERE NNJINCIDENCE OF SEVERE NNJ
POOR IDENTIFICATION POOR IDENTIFICATION OF RISK OF RISK FACTORSFACTORS
POOR COMMUNITY POOR COMMUNITY COMPLIANCECOMPLIANCE
POOR DETECTIONPOOR DETECTIONOF NNJOF NNJ
Late referral NNJcases to MO at
HC/Hosp
Preference fortraditional Rx
Inadequateknowledge of
parents
Inadequate adviceto parents
Poor knowledgeamong staff
No / delayed /inadequate PNC
Poor / inadequatesupervision
Delayed/ untracedG6PD result
No NB checklist /guideline
No G6PDscreening
POOR MONITORING &POOR MONITORING &Mx OF NNJ @ HOMEMx OF NNJ @ HOME
Poor quality of PNC
Inadequatepoor recording
Late/no notificationof hosp delivery to
health
Badexperience
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Stage 2: Data collection…
• Systematic collection of information
• Must know
iii) HOW to obtain data
iv) WHEN to collect data
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Overlapping Prescription of Cardiac DrugsOverlapping Prescription of Cardiac Drugs
HOW to collect data
Review Outpatient Cards of Cardiac Patients
WHEN to collect data
1 Jan.1997 - 31 Jan.1997
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HOW to collect data Review Maternity Notes
WHAT Newborn with A/S < 7 @ 1 min
WHENWHEN to collect data to collect data 01.11.2000 - 31.01.200101.11.2000 - 31.01.2001
WHEREWHERE PNWPNW
Total =Total = 108 cases108 cases
LOW APGAR SCORELOW APGAR SCORE
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DATA: What Where How When
IMPROVING the MX OF DM TYPE II
Good Patient
Compliance
Healthy Lifestyl
e
Motivated /Knowledgeble
Staff
Adequateno. of staff
Pt. & Relative
Education
Dietician refferal
Good Family Suppor
t
Adequate dosage of
drugs
Follow CPG
Regular CME
Proper Mx of DM in
Ward
Positive Attitude
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Stage 2: Data collection…
• Logistics :
Who will collect what- availability of staff / assistants- training needs, supervision
When- availability of staff- public holidays / vacation periods
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Stage 2: Data collection…
• Logistics :How long
- consider time needed to locate study unit (persons, groups, records)
==> Gantt chart – Planning & Implementation Schedule
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Patient ORIENTATION on
admission to the ward
Bil Kajian Tempoh Sampel Saiz
1. Prospektif dengan menggunakan Borang soal selidik
1.9.98hingga7.9.98
( 1 minggu )
Secara rawak Wad 1 25 pesakitWad 2 25 waris / penjaga Wad 3 25 pesakitWad 4 25 pesakitKecuali pesakit tenat
100
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Data collection techniques(Primary or secondary data)
• Using available informationreview of recorded sources : literature, statistics, medical records
• ObservationHand washing technique, POP application, Wound dressing
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Data collection techniques …
• Interviewing Face to face : Individual / Group
Facts on knowledge, attitude & behavior
Conducted in 2 ways - Fixed / Flexible
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FLEXIBLE FIXED
1. Using open-ended questions with varied answers
1. Using prepared questionnaires with fixed answers
2. Sequence of questions changeable
2. Follow order of questions
3. Difficult to analyse / interpret
3. Easier
4. Suits small exploratory studies
4. Practical for larger samples
Interviewing…
Data collection techniques …
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• Administering written questionnaires
Hand-delivered
Group respondents in one place
Data collection techniques …
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Data Collection Tools
TECHNIQUES
TOOLS
Using Information Available
Checklist, Data-compilation forms
Observing Eyes & other senses, pen & paper, watch, scales, microscope, checklist, etc
Interviewing Interview schedule, checklist, questionnaire, tape recorder
Administering written questionnaire
Questionnaire
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Plan for Data Collection
Variable Source of data
Method of Collection
Sample Unit SampleSize
Wrong appt given by nurse
Appt. book prospective analysis
All Unsatisfactory pap smear July 2003
100
Pt. did not follow appointment
Appt. book & pap smear form
prospective analysis
All Unsatisfactory pap smear July 2003
100
Knowledge on preparation staff
Self administered questionnaire
Cross sectional
All nurses 24 doctors 6 nurses
Knowledge on preparation patient
Self administeredquestionnaire
prospective All patients doing pap smear
50
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Plan for Data Collection
Variable Source of data
Method of Collection
Sample Unit SampleSize
Technique of taking p / s
Observation check list
Performance appraisal
All doctors 50
Method of fixation
1.Pap smear form
2. Observation check list
1.Prospective
2. Performance appraisal
1. All Unsatisfactory pap smear July 2003
2. All nurses
50
Broken slide Pap smears form
Prospective All Unsatisfactory pap smear July 2003
100
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KRITERIA PEMERHATIAN MARKAH
PENGAMBILAN SAMPEL ( Doktor )
Staf yang mengambil spesimen
Pakar MO HO
1. Tidak menggunakan “lubricant” Ya Tidak
2. Tanpa kecederaan Ya Tidak
3. Cara pengambilan dari servik yang betul Ya Tidak
4. Ada discaj Ya Tidak
Sekiranya markah 3 atau lebih, doktor berkenaan dianggap mahir
CHECKLIST
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KRITERIA PEMERHATIAN MARKAH
PENGAWETAN SLAID ( Jururawat )1. Slaid direndam segera dalam alcohol
Ya Tidak
(dalam tempoh 1 minit drp. Sapuan pertama)
2. Slaid direndam sekurang-kurangnya 30 minit
Ya Tidak
Markah mestilah 100%
CHECKLIST
How much How much Data Data
To Collect ?To Collect ?
SAMPLINSAMPLINGG
How much How much Data Data
To Collect ?To Collect ?
SAMPLINSAMPLINGG
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Sampling MethodSampling Method
Dependent on whether
sampling frame
is available
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Sample Frame ?Sample Frame ?
Defining the characteristics of the study population that we want
e.g.diabetic patients with MOPD follow-up;
all discharged cases in postnatal ward
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Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
Chances of being sampled unknown
a. Convenience sampling
b.Purposive sampling
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a. Convenience samplingStudy units -available at time of data collection
e.g. All ENT patients listed for operation
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
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b.Purposive samplingTarget a certain group
e.g. Medical BHTs
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
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Chances of being sampled is known
a. Simple random sampling
b.Systematic sampling
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
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a. Simple Random SamplingSimplest form
How: i) Make a numbered list of all
study unit in population from which to draw sample
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
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ii) Decide on sample size
iii) Select required number of sampling units using a “lottery method” or a table of random numbers
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
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b. Systematic Sampling
Sample unit chosen at regular intervals from sampling frame
Note: risk of bias
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
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b. Systematic Sampling
How: i) study population
1,200 students of a schoolii) sample size
selected 100iii) sampling fraction
= ii / i = 100 / 1200 = 1 / 12
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
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• Therefore Sampling Interval= 12
• Hence randomly choose thenumber of the first student to be included in the sample by blindly picking 1 of 12 pieces of paper numbered 1 to 12.
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
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• If number 6 is picked, then every twelfth student will be included in the sample, starting with student number 6, until 100 students are selected
• The number selected will be 6,18, 30, 42, 54, ....
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling
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Appropriate sample size ?
• Minimum = 30
• Preferably = 50 - 100
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Appropriate sample size ?Appropriate sample size ?
Bigger sample size NOT EQUAL Tobetter study
Better to increase accuracy of data collection
& get representative sample
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ANYANY
Bengkel 4Bengkel 4
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QA PKD Setiu 44
Bengkel 4
QA study: Methodology1 Objectives: General & Specific2 Type of study3 Terms’ ( key words ) definition 4 Inclusion & Exclusion criteria5 Proposed Indicator and Standard6 Plan for data collection ( + proposed formats )7 Plan for data analysis ( + proposed dummy
tables )8 Gantt’s chart9 Refeences
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Examples of QAP Outline
TAJUK2. Group3. Problem Identification/ Opportunity for Improvement 4. Prioritization & chosen/refined topic5. Situational analysis / Literature review 6. Opportunity statement7. Quality factor analysis / cause-effect analysis8. Process of care 9. Model of Good Care10. QA study: Methodology
10.1 Objectives: General & Specific10.2 Type of study10.3 Terms’ ( key words ) definition 10.4 Inclusion & Exclusion criteria10.5 Proposed Indicator and Standard10.6 Plan for data collection ( + proposed formats )10.7 Plan for data analysis ( + proposed dummy tables )10.8 Gantt’s chart10.9 References
04/11/23 QA PKD Setiu 46
Thank Thank YouYou
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