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Julian de BulletDirector of Industry Relations
McQuay International
ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer
703-395-5054
PLEASE MUTE CELL PHONES
Sound HVAC Choices for Sustainable Design
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Rising ??……
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What Is Sustainability ?
“ sustainable development meets the needsof today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
World Commission on Environment and Development 1987
Why Sustainable Design?
• Buildings In The US Consume 39% Of Our Total Energy
• 70% Of Our Electricity Annually• 5 Billion Gallons Potable Water Per Day For
Toilets• Typical Construction Generates 2.5 lbs. Of
Solid Waste Per Square Foot• High Performance Building Practices Can
Reduce These Negative Environmental Impacts
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Energy consumption in office building
Air Conditioning 47%
Other utilities20%
Lighting 33%
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How can we make a difference?
Good Basics
System Knowledge
Energy Analysis
What happens if we do ?
• Reduce Operating Costs• Enhance Building
Marketability• Increase Worker
Productivity• Higher School Test
Results• Reduced Absenteeism• Reduce Potential Liability
• 6 Sections of LEED– Sustainable Sites– Water Efficiency– Energy & Atmosphere– Materials & Resources– Indoor Environmental Quality– Innovation & Design Process
What Is LEED?
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1
Standard 189 under development
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Commercial Packaged Rooftop Systems• 3 to 20 tons
– New, retrofit or replacement low-rise buildings
– Standard low-leak dampers • Superior resistance to air leakage• Reduced energy costs
– Scroll compressors • Efficient cooling operation and dependability
– Two-circuit refrigerant design• High reliability
– Easy access to mechanical components• Promotes routine maintenance • Can reduce service costs
– Non-corrosive, double-sloped drain pans • ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004• Good indoor air quality
– Totally enclosed condenser fan motors• Reliable operation
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Commercial Packaged Rooftop Systems• 30 to 50 tons
– VAV or constant volume operation– R-410A refrigerant
• An HFC refrigerant with no phase-out schedule
– EER of 10.0 or higher– Double-wall construction– Low-leak damper– Airfoil fans
• Efficient operation– Non-corrosive drain pan– Building pressure control option– Controls
• Easy integration with the BAS of your choice
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• Air-Cooled Condenser – 15 to 135 tons– Flexible, modular construction
with walk-in access– 100% make-up air, dehumidification,
VAV, or constant volume operation– Multiple factory-integrated options
• Customized flexibility– Blow-through or draw-through cooling coil configurations– Controls flexibility
• Easy integration with the BAS of your choice– Available with Non ODS Refrigerant
• An HFC refrigerant with no phase-out schedule– Heavy duty construction – Optional independent IBC Seismic certification
• Confirms compliance with the newest IBC seismic requirements
Applied Packaged Rooftop Systems
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Applied Packaged Rooftop Systems• Evaporative-Cooled Condenser - 75 to 150 tons
– Blow-through or Draw-through cooling
– Walk-in service vestibule contains:• Water connections• Controls• Water treatment and refrigerant service components
– Up to 40% savings in condensing unit energy consumption versus air-cooled alternatives
– Reduced peak electrical demand at design conditions • Allows unit electrical service to be downsized for lower installation
costs and electrical demand charges– Non-chemical water treatment option
• Eliminates costs and hazards associated with chemical treatment• Reduces water consumption and may eliminate
sanitary sewer costs
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Montreal Protocol Objective
Avoid Leakage of ALL Refrigerants
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1996 2004 2010 2015 2020 2030
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
65%
25%10%
0.5%
Consumption cap reducedfrom 35% to 25% in 2010
2013 2020 2025 2030 2040
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
65%
32.5%
2.5%
2015
90% Current: Consumption cap steadilyreduced starting in 2015
Previous: Consumption capped at2015 levels until 2040
Phase Out Schedule – Developed Countries
Phase Out Schedule – Developing Countries
Con
sum
ptio
nC
onsu
mpt
ion Freeze
Note: acceleration shown in light blue
2015 Service Tail Review
Montreal Protocol –Changes Made on Friday September 21st, 2007
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Leaks Detected per Unit at Manufacture
Water-Cooled Leaks / Unit T ested
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
Less Than 10 PPM
17Ohnishi Basis for ICCP/TEAP report
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Chiller Products• Condensing units and fluid coolers • Air-cooled chillers• Water-cooled chillers• Water-to-water heat pump and heat
recovery units
WSC - Single Compressor
WDC - Dual Compressors
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Why Consider Heat Recovery?
• Green Is Good Conservation of Natural Resources
• Lower Annual Energy Usage– Reduce Operating Cost
• Provide a Good Life Cycle Analysis
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Heat Recovery Requirements
• The Potential Heat Recovery At Any Point In Time Is The Lesser Of The Heat Source Or The Heat Load
Simultaneous Heating And CoolingSimultaneous Heating And Cooling
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
BTU
/ft2
Cooling Heating
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Heat Pump Chiller Design
3-Way BypassValve
Cooling Tower
Heat Pump
Pump85 °F
85 °F95 °F
Std. Chiller
140 °F130 °F
Boiler Loop
Centrifugal & Scroll Heat Pumps
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Air-Cooled Scroll Condensing Units•• 10 to 39 tons10 to 39 tons
– Efficient • Up to 11.4 EER at full load
and up to 14.6 EER at part load (IPLV)– Quiet
• All dBA ratings tested in accordance with ARI Standard 370
• Less acoustical treatment can lower your project cost– Reliable
• Scroll compressors have fewer moving parts– Controls flexibility
• easy integration with the BAS of your choice– Optional low ambient operation range down to 0°F
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Air-Cooled Scroll Condensing Units• Dual Circuit: 25 to 135 tons
– Efficient• Up to 11.1 EER at full load
– Reliable• Scroll compressors have
fewer moving parts• Two circuits on all size
units provide backup cooling– Quiet
• Optional quiet condenser fans reduce radiated sound by 11dB
– Optional low ambient operation range down to 0°F
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Indoor Air Handlers
• 900 to 65,000 cfm– Flexibility
• Custom modular platform• Variable Dimensioning feature
– Operating efficiency• Efficient fan selections and energy recovery
– Easy, low cost installation• Ships assembled or by section
– Easy maintenance and serviceability• Easy to remove access panels
– Indoor air quality• Low leakage cabinet
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Outdoor Air Handlers• 4,000 to 50,000 cfm
– Modular construction– 100% make up air, dehumidification,
VAV, or constant volume operation– Multiple factory-installed options
• For customized flexibility– Blow-through or draw-through cooling
coil configurations– Controls flexibility
• Easy integration with the BAS of your choice– Heavy duty construction – Optional independent IBC Seismic certification
• Confirms compliance with the newest IBC seismic requirements
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Procedures for assuring good practices
• Select evaluation criteria• Determine design loads• Perform energy & economic analysis• Decommission existing system• Select final capacities• Select final controls• Assemble final documentation• Commission or re-commission for compliance• Periodically re-evaluate system performance
ACCA -2003
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Best Service Practices• Reactive:
– Crash and pay– Minimal service:
• Occasional filter replacement• Basic service agreement• N.B. No attempt at night-set back; thermostat fixed set point
• Pro-active:– External considerations– Envelope enhancement
• Insulation; fenestration; lighting; wall & floor coverings– Base system commissioning– Duct sealing– Full maintenance contract
• Refrigerant charge check• Leak detection• Right-sizing equipment
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Water Based SystemsWater Based Systems
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Air Based SystemsAir Based Systems
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When Do You Replace HVAC?• Identify value of system components:
– Condenser/compressor– Air handler/furnace– Duct– Electrical service– Controls
• Energy Efficiency– Energy analysis
• Assign life expectancy– On start-up/ On failure
• Ascertain component installed cost
• Do the math
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Annual HVAC Energy Usage
Design Performance
Chiller58%
Tower5%
Fans24%
Pumps13%
Annual Energy Usage
Pumps22%
Tower2%
Chiller33%Fans
43%
Fans have much smaller motorsthan refrigeration but
use more power annually
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New Technology- Frictionless Chillers
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The Compressor at a Glance
Motor and bearing control
Permanent magnet motor
Inverter speed control
2 stage, direct drive, hermetic centrifugal compressor
Inlet Guide Vanes
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Typical Performance Comparisons
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Percent Load
kW/T
on
Frictionless Centrifugal W/C Screw W/C Recip
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30-Ton Refrigerant Pipework
30-Ton Refrigerant Pipework
6-TonDuctwork
6-TonDuctwork
Heat Transfer Media - Installation
Variable Refrigerant Flow
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VRF ConceptSystem Simplicity – Typical Layout
Outdoor UnitOutdoor Unit
Indoor UnitIndoor Unit
Main features:-• Energy Saving• Individual control• Long refrigerant Piping• Wide range of units• Low Noise Level
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ENERGY SAVING AREA
ENERGY SAVING AREA
0.02.04.06.08.0
10.012.014.016.0
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
R134a Screw Water Cooled Other VRF Daikin VRV
Total System EER
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System Economics
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Relative Installed Costs
PTACPTAC
22--Pipe FanPipe Fan--CoilCoil
WSHP Boiler TowerWSHP Boiler Tower
WSHP Earth CoupledWSHP Earth Coupled
VAV RooftopVAV Rooftop
VAV Central StationVAV Central Station
Double DuctDouble Duct
AirAir--Water InductionWater Induction
44--Pipe FanPipe Fan--CoilCoil
•• Dollars / Square FootDollars / Square Foot **
$$6 $8 $106 $8 $10 $ 12 $14$ 12 $14 $16$16
$ 12
$ 10
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Relative Operating Costs
WSHP Earth CoupledWSHP Earth Coupled
WSHP Boiler TowerWSHP Boiler Tower
VAV Central StationVAV Central Station
22--Pipe FanPipe Fan--CoilCoil
VAV RooftopVAV Rooftop
44--Pipe FanPipe Fan--CoilCoil
PTACPTAC
AirAir--Water InductionWater Induction
Double DuctDouble Duct
•• kWh / Square Foot kWh / Square Foot Annually*Annually*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
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Future goals• Net- Zero Energy Buildings
– Combination of Rising Energy Prices
– Improving Technology
– Concerns about Climate Change
• Future Goal of Net-Zero Carbon Emissions
• ASHRAE Standard 189P, Design of High Performance Green Buildings
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