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Julian de BulletDirector of Industry Relations

McQuay International

ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer

703-395-5054

PLEASE MUTE CELL PHONES

Sound HVAC Choices for Sustainable Design

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Rising ??……

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What Is Sustainability ?

“ sustainable development meets the needsof today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

World Commission on Environment and Development 1987

Why Sustainable Design?

• Buildings In The US Consume 39% Of Our Total Energy

• 70% Of Our Electricity Annually• 5 Billion Gallons Potable Water Per Day For

Toilets• Typical Construction Generates 2.5 lbs. Of

Solid Waste Per Square Foot• High Performance Building Practices Can

Reduce These Negative Environmental Impacts

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Energy consumption in office building

Air Conditioning 47%

Other utilities20%

Lighting 33%

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How can we make a difference?

Good Basics

System Knowledge

Energy Analysis

What happens if we do ?

• Reduce Operating Costs• Enhance Building

Marketability• Increase Worker

Productivity• Higher School Test

Results• Reduced Absenteeism• Reduce Potential Liability

• 6 Sections of LEED– Sustainable Sites– Water Efficiency– Energy & Atmosphere– Materials & Resources– Indoor Environmental Quality– Innovation & Design Process

What Is LEED?

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ASHRAE Standard 90.1

Standard 189 under development

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Commercial Packaged Rooftop Systems• 3 to 20 tons

– New, retrofit or replacement low-rise buildings

– Standard low-leak dampers • Superior resistance to air leakage• Reduced energy costs

– Scroll compressors • Efficient cooling operation and dependability

– Two-circuit refrigerant design• High reliability

– Easy access to mechanical components• Promotes routine maintenance • Can reduce service costs

– Non-corrosive, double-sloped drain pans • ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004• Good indoor air quality

– Totally enclosed condenser fan motors• Reliable operation

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Commercial Packaged Rooftop Systems• 30 to 50 tons

– VAV or constant volume operation– R-410A refrigerant

• An HFC refrigerant with no phase-out schedule

– EER of 10.0 or higher– Double-wall construction– Low-leak damper– Airfoil fans

• Efficient operation– Non-corrosive drain pan– Building pressure control option– Controls

• Easy integration with the BAS of your choice

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• Air-Cooled Condenser – 15 to 135 tons– Flexible, modular construction

with walk-in access– 100% make-up air, dehumidification,

VAV, or constant volume operation– Multiple factory-integrated options

• Customized flexibility– Blow-through or draw-through cooling coil configurations– Controls flexibility

• Easy integration with the BAS of your choice– Available with Non ODS Refrigerant

• An HFC refrigerant with no phase-out schedule– Heavy duty construction – Optional independent IBC Seismic certification

• Confirms compliance with the newest IBC seismic requirements

Applied Packaged Rooftop Systems

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Applied Packaged Rooftop Systems• Evaporative-Cooled Condenser - 75 to 150 tons

– Blow-through or Draw-through cooling

– Walk-in service vestibule contains:• Water connections• Controls• Water treatment and refrigerant service components

– Up to 40% savings in condensing unit energy consumption versus air-cooled alternatives

– Reduced peak electrical demand at design conditions • Allows unit electrical service to be downsized for lower installation

costs and electrical demand charges– Non-chemical water treatment option

• Eliminates costs and hazards associated with chemical treatment• Reduces water consumption and may eliminate

sanitary sewer costs

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Montreal Protocol Objective

Avoid Leakage of ALL Refrigerants

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1996 2004 2010 2015 2020 2030

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

65%

25%10%

0.5%

Consumption cap reducedfrom 35% to 25% in 2010

2013 2020 2025 2030 2040

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

65%

32.5%

2.5%

2015

90% Current: Consumption cap steadilyreduced starting in 2015

Previous: Consumption capped at2015 levels until 2040

Phase Out Schedule – Developed Countries

Phase Out Schedule – Developing Countries

Con

sum

ptio

nC

onsu

mpt

ion Freeze

Note: acceleration shown in light blue

2015 Service Tail Review

Montreal Protocol –Changes Made on Friday September 21st, 2007

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Leaks Detected per Unit at Manufacture

Water-Cooled Leaks / Unit T ested

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

Less Than 10 PPM

17Ohnishi Basis for ICCP/TEAP report

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Chiller Products• Condensing units and fluid coolers • Air-cooled chillers• Water-cooled chillers• Water-to-water heat pump and heat

recovery units

WSC - Single Compressor

WDC - Dual Compressors

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Why Consider Heat Recovery?

• Green Is Good Conservation of Natural Resources

• Lower Annual Energy Usage– Reduce Operating Cost

• Provide a Good Life Cycle Analysis

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Heat Recovery Requirements

• The Potential Heat Recovery At Any Point In Time Is The Lesser Of The Heat Source Or The Heat Load

Simultaneous Heating And CoolingSimultaneous Heating And Cooling

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

BTU

/ft2

Cooling Heating

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Heat Pump Chiller Design

3-Way BypassValve

Cooling Tower

Heat Pump

Pump85 °F

85 °F95 °F

Std. Chiller

140 °F130 °F

Boiler Loop

Centrifugal & Scroll Heat Pumps

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Air-Cooled Scroll Condensing Units•• 10 to 39 tons10 to 39 tons

– Efficient • Up to 11.4 EER at full load

and up to 14.6 EER at part load (IPLV)– Quiet

• All dBA ratings tested in accordance with ARI Standard 370

• Less acoustical treatment can lower your project cost– Reliable

• Scroll compressors have fewer moving parts– Controls flexibility

• easy integration with the BAS of your choice– Optional low ambient operation range down to 0°F

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Air-Cooled Scroll Condensing Units• Dual Circuit: 25 to 135 tons

– Efficient• Up to 11.1 EER at full load

– Reliable• Scroll compressors have

fewer moving parts• Two circuits on all size

units provide backup cooling– Quiet

• Optional quiet condenser fans reduce radiated sound by 11dB

– Optional low ambient operation range down to 0°F

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Indoor Air Handlers

• 900 to 65,000 cfm– Flexibility

• Custom modular platform• Variable Dimensioning feature

– Operating efficiency• Efficient fan selections and energy recovery

– Easy, low cost installation• Ships assembled or by section

– Easy maintenance and serviceability• Easy to remove access panels

– Indoor air quality• Low leakage cabinet

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Outdoor Air Handlers• 4,000 to 50,000 cfm

– Modular construction– 100% make up air, dehumidification,

VAV, or constant volume operation– Multiple factory-installed options

• For customized flexibility– Blow-through or draw-through cooling

coil configurations– Controls flexibility

• Easy integration with the BAS of your choice– Heavy duty construction – Optional independent IBC Seismic certification

• Confirms compliance with the newest IBC seismic requirements

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Procedures for assuring good practices

• Select evaluation criteria• Determine design loads• Perform energy & economic analysis• Decommission existing system• Select final capacities• Select final controls• Assemble final documentation• Commission or re-commission for compliance• Periodically re-evaluate system performance

ACCA -2003

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Best Service Practices• Reactive:

– Crash and pay– Minimal service:

• Occasional filter replacement• Basic service agreement• N.B. No attempt at night-set back; thermostat fixed set point

• Pro-active:– External considerations– Envelope enhancement

• Insulation; fenestration; lighting; wall & floor coverings– Base system commissioning– Duct sealing– Full maintenance contract

• Refrigerant charge check• Leak detection• Right-sizing equipment

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Water Based SystemsWater Based Systems

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Air Based SystemsAir Based Systems

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When Do You Replace HVAC?• Identify value of system components:

– Condenser/compressor– Air handler/furnace– Duct– Electrical service– Controls

• Energy Efficiency– Energy analysis

• Assign life expectancy– On start-up/ On failure

• Ascertain component installed cost

• Do the math

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Annual HVAC Energy Usage

Design Performance

Chiller58%

Tower5%

Fans24%

Pumps13%

Annual Energy Usage

Pumps22%

Tower2%

Chiller33%Fans

43%

Fans have much smaller motorsthan refrigeration but

use more power annually

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New Technology- Frictionless Chillers

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The Compressor at a Glance

Motor and bearing control

Permanent magnet motor

Inverter speed control

2 stage, direct drive, hermetic centrifugal compressor

Inlet Guide Vanes

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Typical Performance Comparisons

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Percent Load

kW/T

on

Frictionless Centrifugal W/C Screw W/C Recip

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30-Ton Refrigerant Pipework

30-Ton Refrigerant Pipework

6-TonDuctwork

6-TonDuctwork

Heat Transfer Media - Installation

Variable Refrigerant Flow

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VRF ConceptSystem Simplicity – Typical Layout

Outdoor UnitOutdoor Unit

Indoor UnitIndoor Unit

Main features:-• Energy Saving• Individual control• Long refrigerant Piping• Wide range of units• Low Noise Level

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ENERGY SAVING AREA

ENERGY SAVING AREA

0.02.04.06.08.0

10.012.014.016.0

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

R134a Screw Water Cooled Other VRF Daikin VRV

Total System EER

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System Economics

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Relative Installed Costs

PTACPTAC

22--Pipe FanPipe Fan--CoilCoil

WSHP Boiler TowerWSHP Boiler Tower

WSHP Earth CoupledWSHP Earth Coupled

VAV RooftopVAV Rooftop

VAV Central StationVAV Central Station

Double DuctDouble Duct

AirAir--Water InductionWater Induction

44--Pipe FanPipe Fan--CoilCoil

•• Dollars / Square FootDollars / Square Foot **

$$6 $8 $106 $8 $10 $ 12 $14$ 12 $14 $16$16

$ 12

$ 10

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Relative Operating Costs

WSHP Earth CoupledWSHP Earth Coupled

WSHP Boiler TowerWSHP Boiler Tower

VAV Central StationVAV Central Station

22--Pipe FanPipe Fan--CoilCoil

VAV RooftopVAV Rooftop

44--Pipe FanPipe Fan--CoilCoil

PTACPTAC

AirAir--Water InductionWater Induction

Double DuctDouble Duct

•• kWh / Square Foot kWh / Square Foot Annually*Annually*

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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Future goals• Net- Zero Energy Buildings

– Combination of Rising Energy Prices

– Improving Technology

– Concerns about Climate Change

• Future Goal of Net-Zero Carbon Emissions

• ASHRAE Standard 189P, Design of High Performance Green Buildings

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