SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology 1
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
7. Institutional
8. Construction
Refer Table 3-1: Sources of solid waste within a community
2
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Household waste including residential and commercial waste.Consist of:
__________________________ – Food waste (garbage), paper of all types, cardboard, plastics of all types, textiles, rubber, leather, wood and yard wastes.__________________________ – glass, crockery, tin cans, aluminum, ferrous metal and dirt.If the waste components are not separated when discarded, these waste will known as ____________________.
2.1.1 RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL SOLID WASTE
3
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
2.1.2 SPECIAL WASTE
Waste arising from residential and commercial sources that are ___________, ______________, _______________,
____________ that are collected separately, batteries, oil and tyres.These wastes are usually handled separately from other residential and commercial wastes.
4
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
2.1.3 HAZARDOUS WASTEWaste that pose a substantial danger or potential
hazard to human health or living organisms immediately or over a period of time.Classified as hazardous if exhibit following characteristics:1. _____________2. _____________3. _____________4. _____________5. _____________
5
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
2.1.4 INSTITUTIONAL WASTEWaste arising from government centers, schools,
prisons and hospitals.Excluding __________________________ from prisons and medical wastes from hospitals.Similar to commingled MSW.In most hospitals, medical wastes are handled and processed separately from other solid wastes.
6
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
2.1.5 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE
____________ - Waste from the construction, remodeling and repairing of individual residences and commercial buildings.____________ – Waste from razed buildings, broken out streets, sidewalks, bridges and other structures.
7
2.1.6 MUNICIPAL SERVICES WASTE
Other community wastes, resulting from the operation and maintenance of municipal services.Often identified as wastes from nonspecific diffuse sources.
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
2.1.7 TREATMENT PLANT WASTE
8
________, ___________________ wastewater and industrial-waste treatment facilities.Specific characteristics of these materials vary depending on the nature of the treatment process.If the characteristics similar to MSW (after treated), the waste can be disposed off to landfill.Otherwise, must be categorized as _____________________.
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
2.1.8 INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Waste arising from industrial activities.Typically include as hazardous wastes.
9
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
2.1.9 AGRICULTURAL WASTE
Waste arising from diverse agricultural activities such as __________________________________, _________ and tree.The production of animals for slaughter and the operation of feedlots also included as agricultural wastes.
10
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
The ____________, ___________, or vegetable residues resulting from handling, preparation, cooking, and eating of foods.
2.2.1 Food waste
2.2.2 Rubbish
Combustible (paper, cardboards, plastics, textiles, etc.)Noncombustible (glass, tins, aluminum, dirt, construction wastes) Excluding food waste or other putrescible materials.
11
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke, and other combustible wastes.
2.2.3 Ashes and residues
12
2.2.4 Demolition and construction wasteFrom construction – _____, _______, _______,
concrete, plaster, lumber, shingles, plumbing, heating and electrical parts.From demolition – Similar but may include _____________, ___________ and __________________
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
__________________, ________________, catch-basin debris, dead animals, and abandoned vehicles.
2.2.5 Municipal services wastes
13
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
To describe the individual components in solid waste. Usually based on percent by weight. Important in evaluating:
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________
4. ______________
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Specific weight
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Refer to Table 4-1: Typical specific weight and moisture content data for residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural wastes.Weight of a material per unit volume.Unit: lb/ft3 or kg/m3
To assess the _______________ and ______________ that must be managed.Vary with geographic location, season of the year and length of time in storage.
Moisture Content
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Expressed as the mass of moisture per unit mass of wet or dry material. Wet mass moisture content is expressed as follows:
Depending on the composition of the solid wastes, the season of the year and the humidity and weather condition.
Where, a = initial mass of sample as deliveredb = mass of sample after drying
2-1
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Component Moisture, (%)Range
Typical
Food wastes 50-80 70
Paper 4-10 6
Cardboard 4-8 5
Plastics 1-4 2
Textiles 6-15 10
Rubber 1-4 2
Leather 8-12 10
Garden trimmings
30-80 60
Wood 15-40 20
Misc. organics 10-60 25
Glass 1-4 2
Table 2.1: Typical data on moisture content of MSW components
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Particle Size and Size DistributionImportance in the recovery of materials, especially with mechanical means such as magnetic separators. Refer to Figure 4-1, 4-2, 4-3 and 4-4.
3
1
21
3
2
hwlS
wlS
hwlS
wlS
lS
c
c
c
c
c
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
Where,Sc = size of component, in (mm)l = length, in (mm)w = width, in (mm)h = height, in (mm)
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Field capacityThe total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to the downward pull of gravity.Importance in determining the formation of __________ in landfills.Water in excess of the field capacity will be released as leachate.Varies with the degree of applied pressure and the state of decomposition of the waste.
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Permeability of compacted wasteGoverns the movement of liquids and gases in a landfill.
kCdK 2
Where,K = coefficient of permeabilityC = dimensionless constant or shape factord = average size of pores = specific weight of wate = dynamic viscosity of waterk = intrinsic permeability
2-7
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Permeability of compacted wasteThe intrinsic permeability depends solely on the properties of the solid material including pore size distribution, tortuosity, specific surface and porosity.Typical values for intrinsic permeability for compacted solid waste in a landfill are in the range between about:
- 10-11 and 10-12 m2 in the vertical direction
- 10-10 m2 in the horizontal direction
Energy content
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Refer to Table 10-7: Typical data on inert residue and energy content of MSW. Energy values may be converted to a dry basis by using equation below:
moisture %-100100
discarded) (as kJ/kg basis)(dry kJ/kg 2-8
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
The corresponding equation on an ash-free dry basis is:
moisture %ash- %-100100
discarded) (as kJ/kg
basis)dry free-(ash kJ/kg
2-9
Chemical content
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Refer to Table 10-8: Typical data on ultimate analysis of the combustible components in MSW. If energy value are not available, approximate value may be determined by using modified Dulong formula:
Where, C =carbon, %H =hydrogen, %O =oxygen, %S =sulfur, %
2-10
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Excluding plastic, rubber and leather components, the organic fraction of most MSW can be classified as follows:
1.Water soluble constituents, such as sugars, starches, amino acids and various organic acids.
2.Hemicellulose3.Cellulose
4. ______________________
5. ______________________
6. ______________________
7. ______________________
Biodegradability of organic waste components
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
___________________________ content, determined by ignition at 550C is often used as a measure the biodegradability of the organic fraction of MSW.Often misleading as some of the organic constituents of MSW are highly volatile but low in biodegradability (e.g: _________________________).
Biodegradability of organic waste components
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
The lignin content of a waste can be used to estimate the biodegradable fraction:
Where,
BF = Bidegradable fraction expressed on a volatile solids (VS) basis
0.83 = empirical constant0.028 = empirical constantLC = lignin content of the VS expressed as a percent of dry
weight
2-11
Biodegradability of organic waste components
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Component Volatile solids (VS),
percent of total solids
(TS)
Lignin content, LC,
percent of VS
Biodegradable fraction (BF)a
Food wastes 7-15 0.4 0.82
Paper Newsprint Office paper Cardboard
94.096.494.0
21.90.412.9
0.220.820.47
Yard wastes 50-90 4.1 0.72aComputed using Eq. 2-11
Production of odors
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Odor can develop when solid wastes are stored for long periods of time on-site between collections, in transfer station and in landfills.The formation of odors results from the anaerobic decomposition of the readily decomposable organic components found in MSW. More significant in warm climates.
Production of odors
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
For example, under anaerobic conditions, ________ can reduce to _________, which subsequently combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide.
SH2HS
04HSSOH4
COOHSCOOH2CHSOCHOHCOOH2CH
2-2
2-22
42
22-2
3
2
43
2-12
2-14
2-13
Production of odors
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
The sulfide ion can also combine with metal salts that may be present, such as iron, to form metal sulfides:
The black color of solid wastes that have undergone anaerobic decomposition in a landfill is due to the formation of metal sulfides.
2-15
Breeding of flies
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology
Flies can develop in less than 2 weeks after the eggs are laid. The life history of the common house fly from egg to adult can be described as follows:
Eggs develop 8-12 hoursFirst stage of larval period 20 hoursSecond stage of larval period 24 hoursThird stage of larval period 3 daysPupal stage 4-5 daysTotal 9-11 days
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT
Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology 34
The end
Top Related