SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (TKA 4201) LECTURE NOTES 2

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology 1




Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology

7. Institutional

8. Construction

Refer Table 3-1: Sources of solid waste within a community

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Household waste including residential and commercial waste.Consist of:

__________________________ – Food waste (garbage), paper of all types, cardboard, plastics of all types, textiles, rubber, leather, wood and yard wastes.__________________________ – glass, crockery, tin cans, aluminum, ferrous metal and dirt.If the waste components are not separated when discarded, these waste will known as ____________________.

2.1.1 RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL SOLID WASTE

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2.1.2 SPECIAL WASTE

Waste arising from residential and commercial sources that are ___________, ______________, _______________,

____________ that are collected separately, batteries, oil and tyres.These wastes are usually handled separately from other residential and commercial wastes.

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2.1.3 HAZARDOUS WASTEWaste that pose a substantial danger or potential

hazard to human health or living organisms immediately or over a period of time.Classified as hazardous if exhibit following characteristics:1. _____________2. _____________3. _____________4. _____________5. _____________

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2.1.4 INSTITUTIONAL WASTEWaste arising from government centers, schools,

prisons and hospitals.Excluding __________________________ from prisons and medical wastes from hospitals.Similar to commingled MSW.In most hospitals, medical wastes are handled and processed separately from other solid wastes.

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2.1.5 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

____________ - Waste from the construction, remodeling and repairing of individual residences and commercial buildings.____________ – Waste from razed buildings, broken out streets, sidewalks, bridges and other structures.

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2.1.6 MUNICIPAL SERVICES WASTE

Other community wastes, resulting from the operation and maintenance of municipal services.Often identified as wastes from nonspecific diffuse sources.





2.1.7 TREATMENT PLANT WASTE

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________, ___________________ wastewater and industrial-waste treatment facilities.Specific characteristics of these materials vary depending on the nature of the treatment process.If the characteristics similar to MSW (after treated), the waste can be disposed off to landfill.Otherwise, must be categorized as _____________________.





2.1.8 INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Waste arising from industrial activities.Typically include as hazardous wastes.

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2.1.9 AGRICULTURAL WASTE

Waste arising from diverse agricultural activities such as __________________________________, _________ and tree.The production of animals for slaughter and the operation of feedlots also included as agricultural wastes.

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The ____________, ___________, or vegetable residues resulting from handling, preparation, cooking, and eating of foods.

2.2.1 Food waste

2.2.2 Rubbish

Combustible (paper, cardboards, plastics, textiles, etc.)Noncombustible (glass, tins, aluminum, dirt, construction wastes) Excluding food waste or other putrescible materials.

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Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke, and other combustible wastes.

2.2.3 Ashes and residues

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2.2.4 Demolition and construction wasteFrom construction – _____, _______, _______,

concrete, plaster, lumber, shingles, plumbing, heating and electrical parts.From demolition – Similar but may include _____________, ___________ and __________________





__________________, ________________, catch-basin debris, dead animals, and abandoned vehicles.

2.2.5 Municipal services wastes

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To describe the individual components in solid waste. Usually based on percent by weight. Important in evaluating:

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

Specific weight





Refer to Table 4-1: Typical specific weight and moisture content data for residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural wastes.Weight of a material per unit volume.Unit: lb/ft3 or kg/m3

To assess the _______________ and ______________ that must be managed.Vary with geographic location, season of the year and length of time in storage.

Moisture Content





Expressed as the mass of moisture per unit mass of wet or dry material. Wet mass moisture content is expressed as follows:

Depending on the composition of the solid wastes, the season of the year and the humidity and weather condition.

Where, a = initial mass of sample as deliveredb = mass of sample after drying

2-1





Component Moisture, (%)Range

Typical

Food wastes 50-80 70

Paper 4-10 6

Cardboard 4-8 5

Plastics 1-4 2

Textiles 6-15 10

Rubber 1-4 2

Leather 8-12 10

Garden trimmings

30-80 60

Wood 15-40 20

Misc. organics 10-60 25

Glass 1-4 2

Table 2.1: Typical data on moisture content of MSW components





Particle Size and Size DistributionImportance in the recovery of materials, especially with mechanical means such as magnetic separators. Refer to Figure 4-1, 4-2, 4-3 and 4-4.

3

1

21

3

2

hwlS

wlS

hwlS

wlS

lS

c

c

c

c

c

2-2

2-3

2-4

2-5

2-6

Where,Sc = size of component, in (mm)l = length, in (mm)w = width, in (mm)h = height, in (mm)





Field capacityThe total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to the downward pull of gravity.Importance in determining the formation of __________ in landfills.Water in excess of the field capacity will be released as leachate.Varies with the degree of applied pressure and the state of decomposition of the waste.





Permeability of compacted wasteGoverns the movement of liquids and gases in a landfill.

kCdK 2

Where,K = coefficient of permeabilityC = dimensionless constant or shape factord = average size of pores = specific weight of wate = dynamic viscosity of waterk = intrinsic permeability

2-7





Permeability of compacted wasteThe intrinsic permeability depends solely on the properties of the solid material including pore size distribution, tortuosity, specific surface and porosity.Typical values for intrinsic permeability for compacted solid waste in a landfill are in the range between about:

- 10-11 and 10-12 m2 in the vertical direction

- 10-10 m2 in the horizontal direction

Energy content





Refer to Table 10-7: Typical data on inert residue and energy content of MSW. Energy values may be converted to a dry basis by using equation below:

moisture %-100100

discarded) (as kJ/kg basis)(dry kJ/kg 2-8





The corresponding equation on an ash-free dry basis is:

moisture %ash- %-100100

discarded) (as kJ/kg

basis)dry free-(ash kJ/kg

2-9

Chemical content





Refer to Table 10-8: Typical data on ultimate analysis of the combustible components in MSW. If energy value are not available, approximate value may be determined by using modified Dulong formula:

Where, C =carbon, %H =hydrogen, %O =oxygen, %S =sulfur, %

2-10





Excluding plastic, rubber and leather components, the organic fraction of most MSW can be classified as follows:

1.Water soluble constituents, such as sugars, starches, amino acids and various organic acids.

2.Hemicellulose3.Cellulose

4. ______________________

5. ______________________

6. ______________________

7. ______________________

Biodegradability of organic waste components





___________________________ content, determined by ignition at 550C is often used as a measure the biodegradability of the organic fraction of MSW.Often misleading as some of the organic constituents of MSW are highly volatile but low in biodegradability (e.g: _________________________).






The lignin content of a waste can be used to estimate the biodegradable fraction:

Where,

BF = Bidegradable fraction expressed on a volatile solids (VS) basis

0.83 = empirical constant0.028 = empirical constantLC = lignin content of the VS expressed as a percent of dry

weight

2-11






Component Volatile solids (VS),

percent of total solids

(TS)

Lignin content, LC,

percent of VS

Biodegradable fraction (BF)a

Food wastes 7-15 0.4 0.82

Paper Newsprint Office paper Cardboard

94.096.494.0

21.90.412.9

0.220.820.47

Yard wastes 50-90 4.1 0.72aComputed using Eq. 2-11

Production of odors





Odor can develop when solid wastes are stored for long periods of time on-site between collections, in transfer station and in landfills.The formation of odors results from the anaerobic decomposition of the readily decomposable organic components found in MSW. More significant in warm climates.

Production of odors





For example, under anaerobic conditions, ________ can reduce to _________, which subsequently combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide.

SH2HS

04HSSOH4

COOHSCOOH2CHSOCHOHCOOH2CH

2-2

2-22

42

22-2

3

2

43

2-12

2-14

2-13

Production of odors





The sulfide ion can also combine with metal salts that may be present, such as iron, to form metal sulfides:

The black color of solid wastes that have undergone anaerobic decomposition in a landfill is due to the formation of metal sulfides.

2-15

Breeding of flies





Flies can develop in less than 2 weeks after the eggs are laid. The life history of the common house fly from egg to adult can be described as follows:

Eggs develop 8-12 hoursFirst stage of larval period 20 hoursSecond stage of larval period 24 hoursThird stage of larval period 3 daysPupal stage 4-5 daysTotal 9-11 days




Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology 34

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (TKA 4201) LECTURE NOTES 2

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