Social innovations and the intergration of people with
disabilities in Russia
Christian FröhlichHigher School of Economics / Södertörn University
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 25.05.2015
www.hse.ru
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Introduction
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• worldwide over a billion people with a disability, about 15% of the world population (WHO 2011)
• in Russia in 2010 about 9% of the population or 13,2 million people (Romanov/Jarskaja-Smirnova 2010)
• significant proportion of the population, but marginalized and segregated because of• public finances or technical difficulties• social, political and cultural patterns
• social integration of the disabled = process of transformation of social relations, political decision-making and cultural representation
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Introduction
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• Civil society and its organizations = driving forces of transformation by producing social innovations
• But under which circumstances and conditions? What are factors enabling the production of social innovations?
• Study based on semi-structured interviews in Moscow, St Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, and Perm in 2009/10
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Social Innovations
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• Lack of a theoretical basis and clear operationalizations (Voorberg et al. 2013)• Complex process measured in its distinct form in a concrete context (Bund et
al. 2013)
• “Social innovations are new solutions (products, services, models, markets, processes etc.) that simultaneously meet a social need (more effectively than existing solutions) and lead to new or improved capabilities and relationships and better use of assets and resources.” (Young Foundation 2012: 18)
• Social innovations „relative“ to certain aspects of social reality: passage to new social relations and social practices which meet needs better (Gillwald 2000)
• Pre-condition: new models of interpreting society lead to new awareness of social problems/needs and to new means to solve them = new social practices = social innovations
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
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Social Innovations and Civil Society
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• But which factors initiate the process of formation of new social models and practices? (Krlev, Bund and Mildenberger, 2014)• Ressources (personal, finances, infrastructure)• Institutions: provide cultural-cognitive models, norms and practical regulations• Politics: open political environment• Society: social attitudes influence implementation of new social practices
• Actors of civil society related to all above factors (Edwards 2009):• Economic role: capacity of service provision /for developing infrastructure• Social role: social capital & new norms/models of behaviour (institutional role)• Political role: monitoring of state and promotion of good governance
• Civil Society = social environment & realm of activities , which enable• Detection of new problems• Articulation of demands to solve them• New social practices and relations = social innovations
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Disability in the Soviet Union
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• Social classification of the disabled based on the (dis-)ability to work
• State paternalism: access to society regulated by state organs
• Medical model of disability: physical/psychological reasons for deviance to be corrected and cured in state institutions
• For certain categories of disabled people existed „protected“ spaces of living and working
• Voicing of problems/demands stongly limited, independent social organisation prohibited and repressed
• 1980: «There are no invalids in the USSR»
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Perestroika and the 1990s
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• Mid 1980s: „Glasnost‘“ and opening of society• Voicing of problems, critique and demands• Self-organizing and interest group formation
• 1990s: crash of economy and downfall of welfare system• Self-help groups• Non-governmental interest protection
• 1988 Allrussian Society of the Disabled• 1995 Law “On the social protection of the disabled“• 2008 Russia signs UN convention, 2012 ratifies
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Pre-conditions of Social Innovations
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• Pull-factors of the innovation process:
• Bad socio-economic situation• Lack of social welfare• Weak rehabilitation structures• Social exlusion• Discrimination and negative social attitudes
• Development of non-governmental self-organisation• International support
Rise of new demands/needs
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Pre-conditions of Social Innovations 2
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Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Pre-conditions for Social Innovations 3
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Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Social Innovations 1
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• New social practices:
• Autonomous collective actions• Social entrepreneurship• democratization
• Politicization• Protests, petitions• Participation in poltical processes and decisions, consultations
• Use of legal measures• Social advocate• Court trails• Lobbying for legal change
• Opening up public space, implementing universal design
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2015
Social Innovations 5
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• New educational and professional practices• Consulting• Inclusive education• Inclusive work places
• Changing public opinion/attitudes• Social advertisment• Cultural events• Overcoming social distance
• New forms of rehabilitation• Open institutions• Individualization
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