SMA Solar Technology
Solar Integration Technology
Presented by Elie Nasr
Business Development, Utility Scale
2
SMA America – Confidential
Disclaimer
IMPORTANT LEGAL INDICATIONS
This presentation is not an offer or invitation for the subscription, takeover or other acquisition of financial instruments issued by SMA Solar
Technology AG (the "company") or by a present or future subsidiary of the company (together with the company, the "SMA Group"). It does not
represent a component of such an offer, nor should it be considered as such. This presentation or parts of it should not serve as the foundation or
reference document for contracts or any obligation to acquire or subscribe to financial instruments of the company or of a member of the SMA
Group.
All information in this presentation was prepared with due diligence. Nevertheless, we guarantee neither the absence of errors nor its
completeness, and nothing in this presentation should be regarded as constituting such a guaranty.
The information contained in this presentation is continually complemented, edited and updated. Some of the statements in this presentation may
be statements about expectations regarding the future, or other statements directed toward the future, which are based on the management's
present perspectives and assumptions, which are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. The actual results, events and
performance of the company can differ considerably from the statements made in the presentation, all of which can be a result of certain factors,
changes in the business and market conditions and changes in the growth opportunities predicted by the management. These and other factors
can influence negatively the financial results of the plans and events described in the presentation. The company assumes no obligation to update
or edit statements regarding the future based on new information or events. The statements regarding the future in this document should not be
considered to be completely reliable, since they relate only to the point in time in which the presentation takes place.
This presentation serves the sole purpose of providing information and may not be disseminated further nor may it be passed on to third parties
which are not its intended audience. No portions of the presentation may be copied, reproduced or quoted by the intended audience for purposes
other than its intended use.
The present document does not represent an offer for the sale of financial instruments in the United States of America. Financial
instruments may not be offered nor sold without registration or exemption from registration, in accordance with the amended version
of the US Securities Act of 1933.
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SMA America – Confidential
SMA Solar Technology
�Founded in 1981
�Headquarters in Niestetal, Germany
�Publicly traded on the Frankfurt Stock
Exchange since June 2008
�Fourteen subsidiaries on four
continents
�More than 4,000 employees
�The oldest and largest supplier of
PV inverters in the world
Company ProprietaryLargest Global Inverter Company
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SMA America – Confidential
Utility Types & Installed PV Capacity
as of 12/31/2009
Rank Investor Owned Utilities
(MW-AC)
Municipal Utilities
(MW-AC)
Cooperatives (MW-AC)
1 PG&E (CA) 314.6 LADWP (CA) 16.9 Sulphur Springs Valley Electric Co-
op (AZ)
3.1
2 SCE (CA) 170.6 SMUD (CA) 14.2 Kauai Island Utility Co-op (HI) 2.8
3 NV Energy (NV) 87.9 LIPA (NY) 12.0 Trico Electric Co-op (AZ) 0.6
4 San Diego Gas & Electric (CA) 66.4 SRP (AZ) 8.2 Mohave Electric Co-op (AZ 0.36
5 XCEL Energy (CO) 43.2 IID (CA) 3.7 Graham County Electric Co-op (AZ) 0.35
6 PSE&G (NJ) 42.7 Austin Energy (TX) 2.5 Clay Electric Co-op, Inc. (FL) 0.22
7 FP&L (FL) 30.5 Palo Alto Utilities
(CA)
2.2 Great River Energy (MN) 0.21
8 APS (AZ) 21.5 Turlock Irrigation
District (CA)
1.9 Adams-Columbia Electric Co-op
(WI)
0.044
9 Hawaiian Electric Co (HI) 9.1 Eugene Water &
Electric Board (OR)
1.8 Douglas Electric Co-op (OR) 0.038
10 Portland General Electric (OR) 7.7 City of Santa Clara
(CA)
1.6 Mountain Electric Co-op (TN)* 0.03
Others 70.0 Others 14.5 Others 0.07
Grand Total 864 80 8
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SMA America – Confidential
Transmission
Grid
- ˜
- ˜
- ˜
POIHV XFMR
MV XFMR
Inverter AC Output Range
{200V - 480V}Medium Voltage Bus
Range {12.5kV - 34.5kV}
Transmission Bus
≥69kV
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Sample PV Generation Plant Single Line Diagram
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SMA America – Confidential
PV Generation Characteristics
Inadequate Characteristics
� Non-Dispatchable
� Non-Voltage Regulating
� Non-Frequency Responsive
� Non-Controlled ramp-rate
� Trips-off during voltage fluctuations
� No Stability Models
Required Characteristics
� Dispatchable
� Potential to supply voltage regulation
� Frequency Response
� Power Factor Control
� Ramp-Rate Control
� LVRT
� Stability Models
�Currently PV Market “Regulated” by IEEE1547, UL1741
�Anti-Islanding required, no LVRT
�Large penetration on the Grids need to be “Reliable Penetration”
�NEC Code Limit of 600VDC
�1000VDC of interest for large scale utility installations
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SMA America – Confidential
Integrating Renewable Energy – A look at Europe
� Target: Maximum possible percentage of electricity
from renewable energy sources
� European countries introduce Feed-In-Tariffs (FIT).
Force acceptance of PV inverters and guarantee
interconnection access.
� PV plants increase in size from residential, to
commercial to utility plants.
� PV grid connection evolution mimicking wind
� Situation then: Renewable PV generation systems do
not contribute to grid stability
� Expert’s opinion: increasing share of renewable
sources will require new standards for
interconnections
� Example: German MV Directive (6/2008) and French
National Act (4/2008)
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SMA America – Confidential
Simplified illustration of grid control using PV plants (medium-voltage grid)
Requirements of New Medium Voltage Directive (Germany)
Source: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Release June 2008
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SMA America – Confidential
Active Power Limitation with Power Reducer Box
�Prevent overload or
congestion
�4 default settings but configurable up to 16 steps. e.g.:
100 % power60 % power30 % power0 % power
�Ramp Configurable % rate increase vs. % rate decrease from 20sec to 60min
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SMA America – Confidential
Maintaining Grid Stability: Over Frequency Response
� Reduction of active power dependent on Grid Frequency.
> In Case of Grid Failures
> in Case of Power Surplus
> to avoid Grid Instabilities
� 4% active power reduction / 0.1Hz
� Configurable for 60Hz and various % slopes
50.05 50.2 51.5 f [Hz]
P
PM
50.9
Frequency rise
Power
reduction 28%Power
increase up to MPP
SMA 1000V Inverters Designed for Static and Dynamic Active Power Control
Source: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Release June 2008
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SMA America – Confidential
Grid Support: Reactive Power Supply
� Objective: Maintain stable grid voltage
� Static power factor / reactive power supply defined/required by utility
(SMA Range @ Full Power: cos ϕ = 0.90ind to 0.90cap)
� Dynamic reactive power supply on demand remotely controlled by utility
� Dynamic reactive power supply depending on grid voltage
� Dynamic power factor according to a pre-defined schedule
> Impact on PV inverter and plant design!
lag
gin
gle
ad
ing
Source: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Release June 2008
� German Market PF Requirement: 0.95 lagging to 0.95 leading at point of common coupling
SMA 1000V Inverters Designed for PF Control and VAR Compensation
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SMA America – Confidential
Mathematical Formulation According to Pythagoream Theorem
S apparent power
P active power
Q reactive power
Cos ϕ power factor
tan (phi) = Q/P
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SMA America – Confidential
Voltage and Current are linked together
> If current i and voltage v are in phase, a fluctuating but always positive power results -
pure active power.
In the case of a phase shift of 90
degrees between i and v, the
average value of the power is zero -
pure reactive power.
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SMA America – Confidential
Adjustable Inverter Current Angle = Adjustable Power Factor
Time
AC Voltage & Currents
COS phi = Power Factor
Sync. Voltage
Current, 100%
Current, 60%
Angle phi at which inverter current is imposed
into a voltage source
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SMA America – Confidential
SMA Inverters Q(V) Characteristic
G d V tg
V A r
Q M a x
Q M a x
V o lN om P 2
V o lW idN om
V A rG raN o m
V o lN o m P 1
V o lW idN o m
Qmin,max, ± 0…..50% of Pmax
VolWidNom 0 to 20% of VGrid-Nom
VolNomP1, P2 Voltage Deadband 1 & 2, 0.8pu to 1.20pu
VArGradNom Reactive Power Gradient( 0 to 10%Pmax/Vinv-nom)
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SMA America – Confidential
Grid Support : Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT)
> Objective: Stay connected during HV grid disturbances in a manner similar to FERC Order 661-A. Why? To avoid simultaneous shutdown of generation sources.
> Required performance:
> Voltage dip to “0” at utility interconnection point (HV side of the transformer)
> Inverter must stay connected during a grid failure for 150 ms (7.5 cycles for 50Hz systems)
> If within 150 ms voltage is back above Limit 1: stable operation
> If after 150 ms voltage stays below Limit 2 (30% of Vnom): May disconnect from the grid
> If voltage between Limit 1 and Limit 2, then recovery behaviour to be defined by utility interconnected to.
0 150 1.500
100%
70%
Zeit in ms
Zeitpunkt eines Störungseintritts
700
unterer Wert des
Spannungsbandes
3.000
15%
45%
Grenzlinie 1Grenzlinie 2
Unterhalb der blauen
Kennlinie bestehen keine Anforderungen hinsichtlich
des Verbleibens am Netz.
30%
Grenzkurven Spannungsverlauf
U/UcLimit 1 Limit 2
Voltage Characteristic
Time of failure (short circuit)
Lower limit of
voltage range
Below blue line: no requirements for FRT
time [msec]
V/VC
Source: Erzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz. BDEW, Release June 2008
� German Market Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) Requirement
SMA 1000V Inverters Designed to Support LVRT Requirement
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SMA America – Confidential
LVRT for North America: SMA Inverters Can Support
Courtesy ERCOT Operating Guide
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SMA America – Confidential
Grid Stability: Dynamic Stability Models
SMA Inverter Dynamic Stability Models for PSSE Versions, 29, 30, 31, 32 & PSLF Versions 16, 17
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