159TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Airplane Deceleration on Slippery Runways
What You Should Know
Mark H. SmithMark H. SmithBoeing Air Safety Investigation
2The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Airplane Deceleration On Slippery RunwaysAgenda
Certified vs. Advisory Landing Distance DataCertified vs. Advisory Landing Distance Data
Airplane Braking vs. Runway FrictionAirplane Braking vs. Runway Friction
Autobrake vs. Manual BrakesAutobrake vs. Manual Brakes
3The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Also Called: DispatchFactored
En routeUnfactoredOperational
Certified DataCertified Data Advisory DataAdvisory Data
Reqmts: Parts 25 & 121 Part 121
Location: Airplane Flight Manual (AFM)
Quick Reference Handbook (QRH)
Landing Distance DataData Provided by Boeing
Two sets of landing data are provided.
4The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Certified DataCertified Data Advisory DataAdvisory Data
Use:
Purpose: Provide factored landing distance as required by regulators
Determine landing distance requirements prior to dispatch
Provide actual landing distance capability of the airplane
Determine landing distance for operational decisions while en route
Landing Distance DataData Provided by Boeing
The two data sets are for different purposes and uses.
5The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Landing Distance DataBaseline Demonstrated Distance
RunwayThreshold
Air Distance
TouchDown
TransitionDistance
Auto-Speedbrakes DeployedBrakes Applied
Stopping Distance
Stop
6The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Landing Distance DataBaseline Demonstrated Distance
RunwayThreshold
Air Distance
TouchDown
TransitionDistance
Auto-Speedbrakes DeployedBrakes Applied
Stopping Distance
Stop
Dry
50 ft
Distance from 50 ft 1sec Max. Manual BrakingBasis Distance
Basis for Certified Data Set
7The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Landing Distance DataBaseline Demonstrated Distance
RunwayThreshold
Air Distance
TouchDown
TransitionDistance
Auto-Speedbrakes DeployedBrakes Applied
Stopping Distance
Stop
Reverse
1000 feet 1sec Max. Manual BrakingBasis Distance
Dry
Basis for Advisory Data Set
8The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Landing Distance DataBaseline Demonstrated Distance
RunwayThreshold
Reverse
1000 feet 1sec Max. Manual BrakingBasis Distance
Dry
Basis for Advisory Data Set
Dry
50 ft
Distance from 50 ft 1sec Max. Manual BrakingBasis Distance
Basis for Certified Data Set
Air Distance
TouchDown
TransitionDistance
Auto-Speedbrakes DeployedBrakes Applied
Stopping Distance
Stop
9The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Dry runway Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking No reverse thrust
Stop
Basis Distance
FAR Dry
Basis Distance x 1. 67
CERTIFIED Data
Basis Distance
Basis Distance x 1. 67 x 1. 15
Basis Distance x 1. 67
Basis Distance
FAR Wet / SlipperyCERTIFIED Data
Landing Distance Data CERTIFIED Data Set
10
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Snow
Ice
Wet
Dry
Dry runway Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking With reverse thrust
ADVISORY DataDry Braking
Stop
1000 ft Reverse
Medium Braking
Poor Braking
Good BrakingBasis Distance
Landing Distance Data ADVISORY Data Set
11
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Dry runway Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking With reverse thrust
Good Braking
Medium Braking
Poor Braking
ADVISORY DataDry Braking
Stop
1000 ft Reverse
Snow
Ice
Wet
Dry
ReferenceDistance Dry runway
Automatic Speedbrakes Max manual braking No reverse thrust
Basis Distance x 1. 67 x 1. 15
FAR Wet / SlipperyFAR DryBasis Distance x 1. 67CERTIFIED Data
Stop
Basis Distance
Basis Distance
Landing Distance Data SummaryCERTIFIED Data vs. ADVISORY Data
12
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Landing Distance Advisory Data
Quick Reference Handbook (QRH) contains airplane landing distance data for various runway conditions and brake configurations.
Good
Med
Poor
Dry
13
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Landing Distance Advisory Data
QRH landing distance data is based on the notes at the bottom of the page.
Relevant notes include:- two engine detent reverse thrust
- 1,000 ft of air distance
- actual (unfactored) distances (JAR Ops include 15% margin)
Based on these notes
14
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Airplane Deceleration On Slippery RunwaysAgenda
Certified vs. Advisory Landing Distance DataCertified vs. Advisory Landing Distance Data
Airplane Braking vs. Runway FrictionAirplane Braking vs. Runway Friction
Autobrake vs. Manual BrakesAutobrake vs. Manual Brakes
15
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Runway Condition Reporting
Three methods can be used to report runway conditionc Airplane Braking Action Reportd Runway Description e Runway Friction Measurement
Each method uses a different descriptor (scale)
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The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Summary of Reporting Methods
Better Braking
Worse Braking
Dry
WetDry Snow
Compact Snow
Wet SnowSlush
IceWet Ice
eRunway Friction
Measurement
dRunway
Description
cAirplane Braking
Action Report
Good
Med
Poor
Dry
Good
Med
Poor
ICAO
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The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Summary of Reporting Methods
eRunway Friction
Measurement
dRunway
Description
cCalculated
Airplane Braking
Good
Med
Poor
Dry
Good
Med
Poor
ICAOBetter Braking
Worse Braking
Dry
WetDry Snow
Compact Snow
Wet SnowSlush
IceWet Ice
QRHData
0. 4
0. 3
0. 2
0. 1
0. 0
Calculated AirplaneBraking
Coefficient
PAirplane
1. 0
0. 8
0. 6
0. 4
0. 2
0. 0
MeasuredRunwayFriction
Coefficient
PRunway
18
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Deceleration Available MoreLess
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Deceleration Available from Brakes
Slippery RunwayP Runway (Tire Skid Point)
initially, brakes will attempt full pressure but this would lock the wheels
P -Airplane (Braking Capability)
Max Brakes
e.g., stand on the brake pedals
Worse
Better
Braking Conditions
P -Runway (Tire Skid Point)Dry Runway
19
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Deceleration Available MoreLess
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Deceleration Available from Brakes
Max Brakes
Slippery RunwayP Runway (Tire Skid Point)
P -Airplane (Braking Capability)P -Runway (Tire Skid Point)
Dry Runway
e.g., stand on the brake pedals
Worse
Better
Braking Conditions
AntiskidP Airplane (Braking Capability)Method c
Method e
20
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Deceleration Availablefrom Brakes
MoreLess
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Deceleration Available from Brakes
Max Brakes
e.g., stand on the brake pedals
Dry
Antiskid
Good
Med
Poor
Braking Conditions
21
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
MoreLess
Airplane Braking vs. Runway Friction Deceleration Available from Brakes
DryGood
MedPoor
Decel. Available from Brakes
Deceleration Availablefrom Brakes
For reference in next section
22
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Airplane Deceleration On Slippery RunwaysAgenda
Certified vs. Advisory Landing Distance DataCertified vs. Advisory Landing Distance Data
Airplane Braking vs. Runway FrictionAirplane Braking vs. Runway Friction
Autobrake vs. Manual BrakesAutobrake vs. Manual Brakes
23
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Autobrakes vs. Manual BrakesAirplane Deceleration
Total airplane deceleration is affected by three factors:
- Aerodynamic drag - Wheel brakes - Reverse thrust
If used, the autobrake system- Targets a deceleration level- Brakes applied as required to reach target level
24
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Total Airplane Deceleration MoreLess
Autobrakes vs. Manual BrakesAirplane Deceleration
Braking AppliedMax Manual
Autobrake Max
Autobrake 2
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
25
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Total Airplane Deceleration MoreLess
Autobrakes vs. Manual BrakesAirplane Deceleration
Braking AppliedMax Manual
Autobrake Max
Autobrake 2
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
Deceleration levelvalid with or without
reverser thrust
DecelTarget
26
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Total Airplane Deceleration MoreLess
Autobrakes vs. Manual BrakesTotal Airplane Deceleration
Braking Applied
DryGood
MedPoor
Decel. Available from Brakes
Max Manual
Autobrake Max
Autobrake 2
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
Decel. Target
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
27
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
DryGood
MedPoor
Decel. Available from Brakes
Total Airplane Deceleration MoreLess
Autobrakes vs. Manual BrakesDry Braking
Braking AppliedMax Manual
Autobrake Max
Autobrake 2
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
Decel. Target
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
28
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
DryGood
MedPoor
Decel. Available from Brakes
Total Airplane Deceleration MoreLess
Autobrakes vs. Manual BrakesGood Braking
Braking AppliedMax Manual
Autobrake Max
Autobrake 2
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
Decel. Target
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
29
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
DryGood
MedPoor
Decel. Available from Brakes
Total Airplane Deceleration MoreLess
Autobrakes vs. Manual BrakesMedium Braking
Braking AppliedMax Manual
Autobrake Max
Autobrake 2
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
Decel. Target
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
30
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
DryGood
MedPoor
Decel. Available from Brakes
Total Airplane Deceleration MoreLess
Autobrakes vs. Manual BrakesPoor Braking
Braking AppliedMax Manual
Autobrake Max
Autobrake 2
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
Decel. Target
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
BrakesDrag Reverse Thrust
BrakesDrag
31
The Boeing Company
59TH International Air Safety Seminar25 October 2006 Paris, France
Autobrakes vs. Manual BrakesSummary
Manual BrakesDry runway: Reversers are additive
Slippery runway: Reversers are additive
AutobrakesDry runway: Reversers not additive
Slippery runway: Reversers may be additive
Landing Distance Advisory Data in the QRH includes reversers for Manual and Autobrakes
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