Andrew Faulkner 1SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
SKADS and SKASKADS and SKA
Andrew Faulkner
Andrew Faulkner 2SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
Aperture ArraysAperture Arrays
are Important to the
SKA PerformanceSKA Performance
Andrew Faulkner 3SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
SKA Science RequirementsSKA Science RequirementsKSP ID
KSP Description Frequency Range GHz
FoV Sens-itivity
Survey Speed
Resn. Base-line
Dyn. Range
Poln.
0.1 0.3 1.0 3.0 10 30 deg2 m2/K deg2m 4K - 2 mas Km L M H L M H
1 The Dark Ages
1a* EoR >~3x107 1 L H
1b First Metals 0.003 15,000 50 125 L L
1c First Galaxies & BHs 20,000 10 4500 H H
2 Galaxy Evolution, Cosmology & Dark Energy
2a* Dark Energy 6x109 5 L L
2b* Galaxy Evolution 1x109 10 L L
2c Local Cosmic Web 2x107 0.5 L L
3 Cosmic Magnetism
3a* Rotation Measure Sky 2x108 10-30 M H
3b Cosmic Web 1x108 5 M H
4 GR using Pulsars & Black Holes
Search 1x108 ~5 - L
4a* Gravitational Waves - >15,000 1 200 M H
4b BH Spin 1 10,000 - M H
4c* Theories of Gravity >15,000 1 200 M H
5 Cradle of Life
5a* Protoplanetary Disks <10-5 10,000 2 1000 L L
5b Prebiotic Molecules 0.5-1 10,000 100 60 L L
5c SETI 1
6 Exploration of the Unknown
Large Large
AA
AAAA
AA
AA
AA
Andrew Faulkner 4SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
15/11/07 (v2.3) First Stage Full SKA
Parameter Phase 1 Mid-band – inc.dense AA
Phase 2 scenarios Low & mid-bands – all inc. AAs to 500MHz
Phase 3 High band
WBF only WBF+PAF* WBF only WBF+PAF* WBF+dense AA
Frequency Low Low (GHz) Range: High
500 MHz 10 GHz
500 MHz 10 GHz
70 MHz 10 GHz
70 MHz 10 GHz
70 MHz 10 GHz
10 GHz 35 GHz
Survey speed (m4K-2deg2)
70 - 200 MHz
200 - 500 MHz 0.7 GHz
1.4 GHz 3 GHz
10 GHz
25 GHz 35 GHz
1 x 107 1 x 107
2 x 106 5 x 105 2 x 104
1 x 107 3 x 107
3 x 107 1 x 105 5 x 103
3 x 109
2 x 1010
3 x 108
6 x 107
1 x 107
5 x 105
3 x 109
2 x 1010
1 x 109
1 x 109
5 x 106
2 x 105
3 x 109
2 x 1010
2 x 1010
4 x 107
1 x 107
4 x 105
4.6 x 104
2.4 x 104
Min. sensitivity at 45o Aeff/Tsys (m
2K-1)
70 - 200 MHz 200 - 500 MHz
700 MHz
1.4 GHz 3 GHz
10 GHz
25 GHz 35 GHz
200 2 000
2 000 2 000 1 300
200 1 100
1 100 1 100
700
4 000 10 000
12 000
12 000 12 000 8 000
4 000 10 000
7 000
7 000 7 000 5 000
4 000 10 000 10 000
10 000 10 000 7 000
5 000
5 000 5 000
Configuration:
core: < 1 km inner: < 5 km mid†: < 180 km
outer: <~3000 km
50 % 75 %
100 %
50 % 75 %
100 %
20 % 50 % 75 % 100 %
20 % 50 % 75 % 100 %
20 % 50 % 75 % 100 %
20 % 50 % 75 % 100 %
WFoV for Surveys: Spectral imaging / time domain
max baseline km channels #
sample rate ms
5 16 384
0.1
5 16 384
0.1
10 32 768
0.1
10 32 768
0.1
10 32 768
0.1
20 32 768
0.1
AA in all scenarios<500MHz
WBF+Dense AA
SKA Memo 100SKA Memo 100
Andrew Faulkner 5SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
..
Sparse AA
Dense AA
..
Mass Storage
TimeTimeStandardStandard
Central Processing Facility - CPF
User interfacevia Internet
...
To 250 AA Stations
...
DSP
...
DSP
To 2400 Dishes
...
12-15m Dishes
Correlator – A
A &
Dish
16 Tb/s
80 Gb/s
Control Processors
& User interface
Post Processor
SKA StructureSKA Structure
DigitalSignalProcessing
Data
Time
Control
70-450 MHzWide FoV
0.3-1.0 GHzWide FoV
0.8-10 GHz
Andrew Faulkner 6SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
Demonstrator: EMBRACEDemonstrator: EMBRACE
Andrew Faulkner 7SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
I/FBoard
Signal Conditioning RackSignal Conditioning Rack
LNA
Gain & Drive
Reg
Cat-7
Clock distribution
PSU AD
C
Memory
Analog Cond. Digital acquisition
Power supplies
Mid-Plane
Distribu-tion
PSU AD
C
Memory
Processing RackProcessing Rack
CyclopsProcessor
FP
GA
I/FBoard Cyclops
Processor
FP
GA
Power supplies
Beamforming processing
Backplane
10Gb links
HSS links
Bunker wall
FPGADigitalPre-
processor
FPGADigitalPre-
processor
Coax
ExternalExternalAnalogue onlyAnalogue only
AntennaArray
Control
System
I/FBoard
I/FBoard
Cooling Systems
Demonstrator: 2-PADDemonstrator: 2-PAD
Andrew Faulkner 8SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
Demonstrator BESTDemonstrator BEST
Andrew Faulkner 9SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
ChallengesChallenges
Cost:
• Processing ability, power
requirements and cost
• Digitisation implementation
• Internal & external
communication data cost
• Ability to perform back-end
processing
Technical:
• Reducing Tsys
• Limiting self-induced RFI
• Mass manufacturing
• Reducing systematics: …Dynamic Range!
• Calibration methodology
• Environmental: heat, bugs,
lightening etc
Andrew Faulkner 10SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
Deliverables Deliverables (just DS3 and 4!)(just DS3 and 4!)
Andrew Faulkner 11SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
Deliverables Deliverables (just DS3 and 4!)(just DS3 and 4!)
DS3-T11. Report on COTS technology for data links2. Report on component-based technology for data links3. Prototype phase transfer links over various span lengths4. Report on performance of phase transfer system over real
installed fibre links5. Report on prototype data links over short and long spans6. Detailed cost models for COTS and component-based
data applicable to various network and processing architectures
DS3-T21. Processing architectural design documents 2. Software design documents 3. Cost and power usage evaluations for the various
processing architectures 4. Cost evaluations for the software architecture 5. Technology assessment and road mapping overview
reports
DS3-T3
1. Initial report on conceptual issues concerning the SKA network, data flow and processing
2. Delivery of functional simulator
3. Report on analysis of performance of the SKA using the simulator
DS3-T6
1. Spec. of a prototype control and data processing system
2. Specification and implementation of constructs, interfaces and components
3. Platform specific composition/deployment of control and data processing software for several alternative hardware platforms
4. assessment of the readiness for scalabilit with MDA
5. rec. guideline for scalable design and implementation
DS4-T11. Establish benchmark LNA simulations to provide
performance feedback for device process development
2. RF on wafer (RFOW) measurements on device wafers fabricated
3. Design, fabrication and testing of SiGe band pass filter using PIC Technology
4. LNA design techniques simulation study5. ADC Design rule established and recommend ADC
architectures6. ADC building blocks design, fabrication and performance 7. Design, manufacture and test of hybrid LNA using novel
discrete devices developed in programme (two iterations)
8. Fabricate and test Integrated ADC circuits9. Fabricate and test of advanced integrated interconnect
technologies with Si and GaAs technologies. 10. Fabricate and test further LNA technologies – iterations 2
and 3 11. Fabricate and test further ADC technologies - iterations 2
and 312. Final report on different semiconductor technologies
DS4-T21. Wide band, high dynamic range A/D blocks
2. Digital Down Converters
3. Sizing of the digital word at different levels of system
4. Low cost Poly-Phase filter banks
5. Data distribution and synchronization
6. A quasi-perfect reconstruction equi-spaced filter bank
DS4-T31. Develop RFI mitigation strategies for the phased-array
concept of SKA, at a station level and for the instrument as a whole;
2. Assess the influence of these methods on data quality;
3. Assess the cost effectiveness of these methods for the RFI environment of the selected SKA site;
4. Demonstrate practical RFI mitigation techniques for the EMBRACE and BEST SKADS demonstrators
DS4-T4
1. Wide band integrated antenna, dual polarization
2. Low cost antenna technology
3. Low cost packaging solutions
4. Low cost analogue photonic link
5. Reports on all of the above deliverables
6. Publications and PhD thesis
DS4-T5
1. Analogue beamformer in GaAs for EMBRACE.
2. Prototype of a lower cost analogue beam-former in Silicon (not in time for EMBRACE.)
3. Prototype digital beamformer for 2-PAD.
4. Architecture design for the whole digital beam-forming system for 2-PAD.
5. A final report on the trade-offs and cost-effectiveness of analogue and digital beam-forming systems.
DS4-T6
1. Dual polarization all-digital tile
2. Design documentation package for all-digital tile
3. Test environment for prototype all-digital tile.
4. Evaluation report of tile performance.
5. Tile cost estimates projected for SKA volumes and timescales.
6. Reliability analysis report.All to b
e complete
d
All to b
e complete
d
Andrew Faulkner 12SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
Technology Readiness LevelsTechnology Readiness Levels
Andrew Faulkner 13SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
Technology Readiness LevelsTechnology Readiness Levels
Ref: NASA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Readiness_Level
SKA in operation
SKA Phase 1
Target for AAVP
PrepSKA & SKADS
SKADS
Mostly pre-SKADS workBasic TechnologyResearch
Research to ProveFeasibility
TechnologyDevelopment
TechnologyDemonstration
System/SubsystemDevelopment
Full System Test& Operations
Andrew Faulkner 14SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
Andrew Faulkner 15SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
System GroupSystem Group
Purpose:Focussed advisory group to DS8 to prepare final SKADS report
Timing: Continue work from Design and Cost team
Deliverable: Core report and ‘arguments’ for SKADSend March 2009
Starting: Autumn 2008
Discussion: With DS8 team
Andrew Faulkner 16SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
System Group - MembersSystem Group - Members
Andrew Faulkner (Chair) Peter Wilkinson
Steve Torchinsky Arnold van Ardenne
Andre van Es Paul Alexander
Dion Kant Stelio Montebugnoli
Mike Jones Steve Rawlings
Rosie Bolton Jan Geralt bij de Vaate
Andrew Faulkner 17SKADS and SKA4th SKADS Workshop, Lisbon
DS8 Deliverables…DS8 Deliverables…
1. Scientific and technical specification for the SKA (T0+47);
2. Overall System Design (T0+48);
3. Costing and budget assessment paying attention to the civil works required for the overall array to be included in the Preliminary SKA plan(T0 to T0+48);
4. Preliminary SKA plan including a study of funding sources (T0+48);
5. Square Kilometre Array “White Paper” to be submitted to the International SKA Steering Committee, to the EC and to the national funding agencies which contributed to SKADS (T0+48).
Now the responsibity ofPrepSKA WP6
SKADS “Final Deliverable”
This has been embodied inSKA Memo #100. This memo or its
derivative is the deliverableWe are working on the SKA AA scenario from SKA memo #100
The cost modelling is in the System Group remit. We cannot work on
budget or civil works
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