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Muhaimin Rifai, PhD., Med.Sc
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BERENANGBERENANG
Problem gravitasi lebihProblem gravitasi lebih
rendah dibandingkan denganrendah dibandingkan dengancara pergerakan yang laincara pergerakan yang lain
Problem pada densitas airProblem pada densitas air
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TERBANGTERBANG
Problem GravitasiProblem Gravitasi
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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JALAN, LARIJALAN, LARI
Problem GravitasiProblem Gravitasi
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Otot, Skeleton, Syaraf,
bentuktubuh disesuaikan
denganhabitathidup
Penentu Gerak
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1. Body movement
2. Maintenance ofposture
3. Respiration4. Production of body heat
5. Communication
6. Constriction oforgan
and vessels7. Heart beat
Major Function of Muscle
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Bone FunctionBone Function
Support the bodySupport the body
Protect internal structuresProtect internal structures
Store mineralsStore minerals
Produce blood cellsProduce blood cells
Aid in movementAid in movement
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LocomotionLocomotion Skeletal andSkeletal and
Muscular SystemsMuscular Systems Movement isMovement is
based on Musclesbased on Muscles
acting on a rigidacting on a rigidskeletonskeleton
All animalsAll animalsemploy the use ofemploy the use ofmusclesmuscles
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Types of SkeletonsTypes of Skeletons
HydrostaticHydrostaticFluid filled cavity encircled by muscleFluid filled cavity encircled by musclefibersfibers
SoftSoft--bodied invertebratesbodied invertebrates
ExoskeletonExoskeleton
Body encased in hard shell chitinBody encased in hard shell chitin
most be shed for growthmost be shed for growth
limits body size as exoskeleton has tolimits body size as exoskeleton has togrow increasingly thicker and heaviergrow increasingly thicker and heavier
EndoskeletonEndoskeleton
rigid internal skeleton of bonerigid internal skeleton of bone
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World
Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved.
Foott, Bruce Coleman Ltd.
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Exoskeleton and EndoskeletonExoskeleton and Endoskeleton10
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Classification of Joints (articulations)Classification of Joints (articulations)
JointsJoints places where 2 bones are attachedplaces where 2 bones are attached
TYPESTYPES
Immovable jointsImmovable joints dense connective tissuedense connective tissue -- littlelittle
movementmovement -- suturessutures
Slightly movable jointsSlightly movable joints held together by cartilageheld together by cartilageSome flexibility not much (intervertebral andSome flexibility not much (intervertebral and
symphyses)symphyses)
Freely movableFreely movable
JointsJoints
Capsule withCapsule with
fluidfluid
Cartilage end capsCartilage end caps
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Types of JointsTypes of Joints
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Types of JointsTypes of Joints13
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Types of JointsTypes of Joints14
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Bone & Joint ConditionsBone & Joint Conditions
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
Bones lose mineral densityBones lose mineral density
Creates fragile bonesCreates fragile bones
OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis
Cartilage covers articulating ends of bonesCartilage covers articulating ends of bones
Makes movement painfulMakes movement painful
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Levers for movementLevers for movement
Muscles attach to bone toMuscles attach to bone toallow movementallow movement contractioncontraction= movement= movement
OriginOrigin nonmovingnonmoving
InsertionInsertion movingmoving Attach via tendonsAttach via tendons
Muscles oppose each otherMuscles oppose each other AntagonisticAntagonistic
Muscles that cause the sameMuscles that cause the same
action synergistsaction synergists
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Flexor and Extensor MusclesFlexor and Extensor Muscles16
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Control of Muscle ContractionControl of Muscle Contraction
Nerves stimulate contractionNerves stimulate contraction
Somatic motor neurons stimulate skeletalSomatic motor neurons stimulate skeletalmuscles.muscles.
Axon extends from neuron cell body andAxon extends from neuron cell body andbranches to make synapses with a number ofbranches to make synapses with a number of
muscle fibers.muscle fibers.
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Control of Muscle ContractionControl of Muscle Contraction Somatic motor neuron stimulates contraction:Somatic motor neuron stimulates contraction:
releasing acetylcholine neurotransmitter (ACh).releasing acetylcholine neurotransmitter (ACh).
impulses spread along membrane and carried intoimpulses spread along membrane and carried intothe muscle fibers through the T tubulesthe muscle fibers through the T tubules
T tubules conduct impulse toward theT tubules conduct impulse toward the
sarcoplasmic reticulum, which releasesCasarcoplasmic reticulum, which releases
Ca
++++
ExcitationExcitation--contraction couplingcontraction coupling
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Structure and Function ofStructure and Function of
Vertebrate SkeletalVertebrate Skeletal
Muscle.Muscle.
The sarcomereThe sarcomere is theis the
functional unit offunctional unit of
muscle contraction.muscle contraction.Thin filamentsThin filaments consistconsist
of two strands of actinof two strands of actin
and one tropomyosinand one tropomyosin
coiled about each other.coiled about each other.
Thick filamentsThick filaments
consist of myosinconsist of myosin
molecules.molecules.
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What for theWhat for the
calcium ions?calcium ions?
Action potential.Action potential.
CaCa2+2+ is released.is released.
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Review of skeletal muscle contraction.Review of skeletal muscle contraction.22
SR
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At rest tropomyosin blocks the myosinAt rest tropomyosin blocks the myosin
binding sites on actin.binding sites on actin.
When calcium binds toWhen calcium binds tothe troponin complexthe troponin complex
a conformational changea conformational change
results in the movementresults in the movementof the tropomyosinof the tropomyosin--
tropinin complex andtropinin complex and
exposure of actinsexposure of actins
myosin binding sites.myosin binding sites.
Calcium ions and regulatory proteins controlCalcium ions and regulatory proteins control
muscle contractionmuscle contraction
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The slidingThe sliding--filament model of musclefilament model of muscle
contraction.contraction.
Interactions between myosin and actinInteractions between myosin and actin
generate force during muscle contractionsgenerate force during muscle contractions
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Atrophy
Disuse atrophy
Dinervation atrophy
Muscular dystrophy
X-linked
Fibrosis-----connective tissue
Fibrositis-----inflammation ct
Cramps----lactic acid-reflex contraction
Muscle Tissue Disorders26
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