Ships in Service Training Material
Seafarer’s Health : Endurance Risk Factors
Operational factors which can degrade crew performance
Stress
Forces from the outside world impinging on the individual. Stress is a normal part of life that can help us learn and grow.
Conversely, stress can cause us significant problems.
Definition of Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Stress is the uncomfortable gap between... a) how we would like our life to be
and b) how it actually is
In medical terms stress is described as: "a physical or psychological stimulus that can produce
mental tension or physiological reactions that may lead to illness."
Stress is a condition or feeling experienced whena person perceives that :
“demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize.”
An identical and unique responseto any external solicitation.
Definition of Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Joyce's or success'sproduce similar
biochemical effects asbad news or failures.
Hans SELYE Pioneer of
Stress Management
EUSTRESS : Good stress
Every situation which bring us pleasure, everything we could accept in harmony with our self.
DETRESSE : Bad stress
Every situation which unpleased us,everything we do in contradiction with our self.
Definition of Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Stress & Performance Relationship
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Low
High
Eustress Distress
HighOptimal
He
alt
h &
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
OptimalPerformance Well-Being
Mental, Emotional & Physiological limitations
Family problems, job constraints, economical situation,employment security, hierarchical pressure, loneliness.
Physical Stress : Environmental Stress :
Visibility, glare, temperature, noise, vibration, odour,vapour,humidity.
Physical condition, state of nutrition, drugs, smoking,alcohol, fatigue, sleep loss ,physical handicap.
Life Stress :
Conditions for Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Physical - Elevated blood pressure - Headaches, aching neck and shoulders, backache - Sleep pattern disturbed (difficulty sleeping, or sleeping too much) - Weight change (Over-eating or no appetite) - Chronic fatigue
Emotional - Depression - Irritability, mood swings - Angry outbursts - Feeling uncertain / overwhelmed - Loss of emotional control - Helplessness / hopelessness - Suicidal ideation
Cognitive - Impaired concentration - Forgetfulness and confusion - Difficulty making decisions - Negative self-talk
Behavioral - Loss of interest in work / social activities - Increased drinking, smoking, drug use - Withdrawal from friends, family - Sexual problems - Parent-child and marital conflicts
- Challenge of faith - Emptiness - Loss of meaning - Doubt - Loss of direction
Spiritual
Few signs of Stress
Make the test to discover
yourown levelof stress
Stress - Behavioral Code
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
- Fear, intermittent or continuous.
- Threats : physical threats,
social threats, financial threat,
other threats.
- Uncertainty.
- Lack of sleep.
- Somebody misunderstands you.
- Setback to your position in society.
Current Causes of Stress in Life
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
- To meet out the demands of the job.
- Your relationship with colleagues.
- To control staff under you.
- To train your staff and take work
from them.
- Support you receive from your
boss, colleagues and juniors.
- Excessive work pressure.
- To meet out deadlines.
- To give new results.
Current Causes of Stress at Work
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
- Working overtime and on holidays.
- New work hours.
- Promotion or you have not been
promoted or your junior has
superseded you.
- Argument or heated conversations
with co-workers or boss.
- Change of job.
- Work against will.
- Harassment.
- Sexual molestation.
Current Causes of Stress at Work
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Job conditions that may lead to Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
1 - The Design of Tasks
- Heavy workload.- Infrequent rest breaks.- Long work hours and shift work.- Hectic and routine tasks that have :
- Little inherent meaning. - Do not utilize workers' skills. - Provide little sense of control.
Example:- John works to the point of exhaustion.- Amelie is tied to the computer, allowing little room for flexibility, self-initiative, or rest.
Job conditions that may lead to Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
2 - The Management Style
- Lack of participation by workers in decision- making.
- Poor communication in the organization. - Lack of family-friendly policies.
Example: - Theresa needs to get the boss's approval for everything, and the company is insensitive to her family needs.
Job conditions that may lead to Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
3 - The Interpersonal Relationships
- Poor social environment.
- Lack of support.
- Lack or help from coworkers
and supervisors.
Example:- Theresa's physical isolation reduces her opportunities to interact with other workers or receive help from them.
Job conditions that may lead to Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
4 - Work Roles
- Conflicting or uncertain job expectations.
- Too much responsibility.
- Too many "hats to wear.“
Example:- Amelie is often caught in a difficult situation trying to satisfy both the customer's needs and the company's expectations.
Job conditions that may lead to Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
5 - Career Concerns
- Job insecurity. - Lack of opportunity for : - Growth. - Advancement. - Promotion.
- Rapid changes for which workers are unprepared.
Example: - Since the reorganization at John's company, everyone is worried about their future with the company and what will happen next.
Job conditions that may lead to Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
6 - Environmental Conditions
Unpleasant or dangerous physical conditions such as :
- Crowding. - Noise. - Air pollution. - Ergonomic problems.
Example:- David is exposed to constant noise at work.
ManagementStyle
Behavior
TechnologyWork
Environment
Some Factors affecting Crew’s Performance
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
BEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
Value
AttitudeAptitudes
Training
Health
Experience
Physical capability
Stress
Workload
Some Factors affecting Crew’s Performance
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
Interrupted sleep patterns
Fear or perceptionof danger
Loneliness &isolation
Responsibility of job
Communicationdifficulties
Incompatibility of fellow workers
Reliability offellow workers
Fatigue
Environment :Noise, seasickness…
Monotony of job
Ships in Service Training Material C. STEVENSON
Stress Factors experimented by Seafarers
STRESSSTRESSFACTORSFACTORS
WORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENT
CongestionWeather
Distractions
Time of day
Work space
Waterway conditions
Man / Machine interface
Personnel interaction
Some Factors affecting Crew’s Performance
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
Simulation
Automation
System integration
Advanced operationalmethods
Computerization
Advanced engineeringmethods
Some Factors affecting Crew’s Performance
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
CrewCrewPerformancePerformance
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Corporate culture
CommitmentProcedures
Ethic
Leadership
Incentives
Goals & directions
Feedback
Communication
Some Factors affecting Crew’s Performance
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
+ months7654321 8Life Event
Distressdespair
OK
Feelgood
Wellbeing
Firstshock
Provisionaladjustment
Innercrisis
Innercontradiction
Re-construction& recovery
Excitement(a)
Honeymoon
Uncertainty
Loosing confidence
Confusion
Depression
Crisis
Accepting
Exploring
Testing
New confidencetransformation
Quitting
Letting go
Partialrecovery
Ships in Service Training Material DAI WILLIAMS
Human responses to change
Extendedcrisis
Numbness(b)
Disbelief
Minimizingor denial
(a) positive events (b) trauma events
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
From Stress to Anxiety
Stress is caused by anexisting stress-causing
factor or stressor
Anxiety is stress thatcontinues after the
stressor is gone
- Cause sleep disorders, leaving you fatigued and more prone to accidents and illness. - Cause anxiety, nervousness and irritability, making it difficult to get along with people. - Affect your concentration, making you perform poorly at work. - Cause weight gain or weight loss.
Consequences of Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
- Weaken the immune system, making you more susceptible to : - Colds and other diseases, - Possibly even some types of cancer. - Spur you to abandon healthy habits, such as exercising and eating well, which may create other health problems. - Be a contributing factor that makes digestive problems worse. - Be a key contributing factor in many conditions, such as : - Heart disease and high blood pressure, - Headaches and arthritis.
Consequences of Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Medium
High
higher
Highest
Maximum
Level of the stress
This is an important opportunity for us
By the force of the quailI will do it
Tell me why it is necessaryI will do it
Someone has to do it,but why me
God save the … !
Reaction
Intensity level of the stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Disequilibrium
Tend above or below the optimal
level of stress
Non absorption
Newequilibrium
Tend to a new optimallevel of stress
Absorption
L ’ABSORPTION du STRESS
State ofequilibrium
Tension
“OptimalStress”
Stress factor
Stress factor
Stress factor on Equilibrium
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
The answer is adapted to the level of the requestThe answer is absorb into a new acceptable level of stressHarmonious function between the : - personality and - possibilities of adaptation
Organism under stimulatedEnnui, fatigue due to inactivity Body idle, useless sentiment Psychological and physical troubles
Below theoptimal level
of stress
Optimal levelof stress
Organism over stimulatedFatigue due to an excessive adaptationBody dysfunctionsBurnout
Above theoptimal level
of stress
Effects of the level of Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
- Reliable judgment- Better understanding of problems- Larger flexibility- Positive attitude in case of crises
Consequences of the Level of Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
- Lack of desire for challenge- Loss of motivation- Ennui, boring job- Moral distress- Apathy
Below theoptimal level
of stress
Optimal levelof stress
- Lack of objectivity- Errors, Omissions- Loss of memory, Indecision- Lack of self confidence- Fatigue , Irritation- Poor interpersonal relationship
Above theoptimal level
of stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Potential Consequences of the Constraint level
Ephemeral emotionsEphemeral emotionsdisappear with timedisappear with time
Object
Easy adaptationEasy adaptationReady for a new demandReady for a new demand
Vulnerabilitylow
Low
Permanents and definitive's Permanents and definitive's psychological perturbationspsychological perturbations
Vulnerabilityhigh
High
Constraint Reactions
- Ensure that the workload is in line with workers' capabilities and resources.
- Design jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their skills.
- Clearly define workers' roles and responsibilities.
- Give workers opportunities to participate in decisions and actions affecting their jobs.
- Improve communications-reduce uncertainty about career development and future employment prospects.
- Provide opportunities for social interaction among workers.
- Establish work schedules that are compatible with demands and responsibilities outside the job.
How to change the organization to prevent job Stress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
Organization and Job Stress
A- Is the workload is in line with workers' capabilities and resources.
B- Is the content of jobs provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their skills.
C- Are workers' roles and responsibilities clearly defined.
D- Are opportunities given to crews to participate in decisions and actions affecting their jobs.
E- Are career development and future employment prospects communicated.
F- Are opportunities provided for social interaction among crews.
G- Are work schedules compatible with demands and responsibilities outside the job.-
1- Concerning the organizationon board the ship
Score the subject and an give an example If possible ?
0 2 4 6 8 10
Absolutely No: 0 ; No: 2 ; No but…: 4 ;Yes but…: 6 ; Yes: 8 ; Absolutely Yes: 10 If no idea use question mark : ?
Organization and Job Stress
- Is the workload is in line with workers' capabilities and resources.
- Is the content of jobs provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their skills.
- Are workers' roles and responsibilities clearly defined.
- Are opportunities given to crews to participate in decisions and actions affecting their jobs.
- Are career development and future employment prospects communicated.
- Are opportunities provided for social interaction among crews.
- Are work schedules compatible with demands and responsibilities outside the job.
-
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?1- Concerning the organizationon board the ship
If yes to 3 : How can we do it ?
If no to 3 : Why ?
- Discover your own level of stress - Respect yourself and esteem yourself- Make other respect you and esteem you
Stress sans détresse, Hans SELYE , 1975
Stress without Distress
Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL
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