Ships in Service Training Material Seafarer’s Health : Endurance Risk Factors Operational factors...

Ships in Service Training Material

Seafarer’s Health : Endurance Risk Factors

Operational factors which can degrade crew performance

Stress

Forces from the outside world impinging on the individual. Stress is a normal part of life that can help us learn and grow.

Conversely, stress can cause us significant problems.

Definition of Stress

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Stress is the uncomfortable gap between... a) how we would like our life to be

and b) how it actually is

In medical terms stress is described as: "a physical or psychological stimulus that can produce

mental tension or physiological reactions that may lead to illness."

Stress is a condition or feeling experienced whena person perceives that :

“demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize.”

An identical and unique responseto any external solicitation.



Joyce's or success'sproduce similar

biochemical effects asbad news or failures.

Hans SELYE Pioneer of

Stress Management

EUSTRESS : Good stress

Every situation which bring us pleasure, everything we could accept in harmony with our self.

DETRESSE : Bad stress

Every situation which unpleased us,everything we do in contradiction with our self.



Stress & Performance Relationship


Low

High

Eustress Distress

HighOptimal

He

alt

h &

Pe

rfo

rma

nce

OptimalPerformance Well-Being

Mental, Emotional & Physiological limitations

Family problems, job constraints, economical situation,employment security, hierarchical pressure, loneliness.

Physical Stress : Environmental Stress :

Visibility, glare, temperature, noise, vibration, odour,vapour,humidity.

Physical condition, state of nutrition, drugs, smoking,alcohol, fatigue, sleep loss ,physical handicap.

Life Stress :

Conditions for Stress


Physical - Elevated blood pressure - Headaches, aching neck and shoulders, backache - Sleep pattern disturbed (difficulty sleeping, or sleeping too much) - Weight change (Over-eating or no appetite) - Chronic fatigue

Emotional - Depression - Irritability, mood swings - Angry outbursts - Feeling uncertain / overwhelmed - Loss of emotional control - Helplessness / hopelessness - Suicidal ideation

Cognitive - Impaired concentration - Forgetfulness and confusion - Difficulty making decisions - Negative self-talk

Behavioral - Loss of interest in work / social activities - Increased drinking, smoking, drug use - Withdrawal from friends, family - Sexual problems - Parent-child and marital conflicts

- Challenge of faith - Emptiness - Loss of meaning - Doubt - Loss of direction

Spiritual

Few signs of Stress

Make the test to discover

yourown levelof stress

Stress - Behavioral Code


- Fear, intermittent or continuous.

- Threats : physical threats,

social threats, financial threat,

other threats.

- Uncertainty.

- Lack of sleep.

- Somebody misunderstands you.

- Setback to your position in society.

Current Causes of Stress in Life


- To meet out the demands of the job.

- Your relationship with colleagues.

- To control staff under you.

- To train your staff and take work

from them.

- Support you receive from your

boss, colleagues and juniors.

- Excessive work pressure.

- To meet out deadlines.

- To give new results.

Current Causes of Stress at Work


- Working overtime and on holidays.

- New work hours.

- Promotion or you have not been

promoted or your junior has

superseded you.

- Argument or heated conversations

with co-workers or boss.

- Change of job.

- Work against will.

- Harassment.

- Sexual molestation.

Current Causes of Stress at Work


http://www.psych-health.com/overtim1.gif

Job conditions that may lead to Stress


1 - The Design of Tasks

- Heavy workload.- Infrequent rest breaks.- Long work hours and shift work.- Hectic and routine tasks that have :

- Little inherent meaning. - Do not utilize workers' skills. - Provide little sense of control.

Example:- John works to the point of exhaustion.- Amelie is tied to the computer, allowing little room for flexibility, self-initiative, or rest.



2 - The Management Style

- Lack of participation by workers in decision- making.

- Poor communication in the organization. - Lack of family-friendly policies.

Example: - Theresa needs to get the boss's approval for everything, and the company is insensitive to her family needs.



3 - The Interpersonal Relationships

- Poor social environment.

- Lack of support.

- Lack or help from coworkers

and supervisors.

Example:- Theresa's physical isolation reduces her opportunities to interact with other workers or receive help from them.



4 - Work Roles

- Conflicting or uncertain job expectations.

- Too much responsibility.

- Too many "hats to wear.“

Example:- Amelie is often caught in a difficult situation trying to satisfy both the customer's needs and the company's expectations.

http://www.asbestopfer.ch/images/responsibility.jpg



5 - Career Concerns

- Job insecurity. - Lack of opportunity for : - Growth. - Advancement. - Promotion.

- Rapid changes for which workers are unprepared.

Example: - Since the reorganization at John's company, everyone is worried about their future with the company and what will happen next.



6 - Environmental Conditions

Unpleasant or dangerous physical conditions such as :

- Crowding. - Noise. - Air pollution. - Ergonomic problems.

Example:- David is exposed to constant noise at work.

ManagementStyle

Behavior

TechnologyWork

Environment

Some Factors affecting Crew’s Performance


BEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIOR

Value

AttitudeAptitudes

Training

Health

Experience

Physical capability

Stress

Workload



CrewCrewPerformancePerformance


Interrupted sleep patterns

Fear or perceptionof danger

Loneliness &isolation

Responsibility of job

Communicationdifficulties

Incompatibility of fellow workers

Reliability offellow workers

Fatigue

Environment :Noise, seasickness…

Monotony of job

Ships in Service Training Material C. STEVENSON

Stress Factors experimented by Seafarers

STRESSSTRESSFACTORSFACTORS

WORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENT

CongestionWeather

Distractions

Time of day

Work space

Waterway conditions

Man / Machine interface

Personnel interaction





TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

Simulation

Automation

System integration

Advanced operationalmethods

Computerization

Advanced engineeringmethods







MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Corporate culture

CommitmentProcedures

Ethic

Leadership

Incentives

Goals & directions

Feedback

Communication



+ months7654321 8Life Event

Distressdespair

OK

Feelgood

Wellbeing

Firstshock

Provisionaladjustment

Innercrisis

Innercontradiction

Re-construction& recovery

Excitement(a)

Honeymoon

Uncertainty

Loosing confidence

Confusion

Depression

Crisis

Accepting

Exploring

Testing

New confidencetransformation

Quitting

Letting go

Partialrecovery

Ships in Service Training Material DAI WILLIAMS

Human responses to change

Extendedcrisis

Numbness(b)

Disbelief

Minimizingor denial

(a) positive events (b) trauma events


From Stress to Anxiety

Stress is caused by anexisting stress-causing

factor or stressor

Anxiety is stress thatcontinues after the

stressor is gone

- Cause sleep disorders, leaving you fatigued and more prone to accidents and illness. - Cause anxiety, nervousness and irritability, making it difficult to get along with people. - Affect your concentration, making you perform poorly at work. - Cause weight gain or weight loss.

Consequences of Stress


http://www.drugabuse.gov/DrugPages/Stress.html

- Weaken the immune system, making you more susceptible to : - Colds and other diseases, - Possibly even some types of cancer. - Spur you to abandon healthy habits, such as exercising and eating well, which may create other health problems. - Be a contributing factor that makes digestive problems worse. - Be a key contributing factor in many conditions, such as : - Heart disease and high blood pressure, - Headaches and arthritis.

Consequences of Stress


http://www.drugabuse.gov/DrugPages/Stress.html

Medium

High

higher

Highest

Maximum

Level of the stress

This is an important opportunity for us

By the force of the quailI will do it

Tell me why it is necessaryI will do it

Someone has to do it,but why me

God save the … !

Reaction

Intensity level of the stress


Disequilibrium

Tend above or below the optimal

level of stress

Non absorption

Newequilibrium

Tend to a new optimallevel of stress

Absorption

L ’ABSORPTION du STRESS

State ofequilibrium

Tension

“OptimalStress”

Stress factor

Stress factor

Stress factor on Equilibrium


The answer is adapted to the level of the requestThe answer is absorb into a new acceptable level of stressHarmonious function between the : - personality and - possibilities of adaptation

Organism under stimulatedEnnui, fatigue due to inactivity Body idle, useless sentiment Psychological and physical troubles

Below theoptimal level

of stress

Optimal levelof stress

Organism over stimulatedFatigue due to an excessive adaptationBody dysfunctionsBurnout

Above theoptimal level

of stress

Effects of the level of Stress


- Reliable judgment- Better understanding of problems- Larger flexibility- Positive attitude in case of crises

Consequences of the Level of Stress


- Lack of desire for challenge- Loss of motivation- Ennui, boring job- Moral distress- Apathy

Below theoptimal level

of stress

Optimal levelof stress

- Lack of objectivity- Errors, Omissions- Loss of memory, Indecision- Lack of self confidence- Fatigue , Irritation- Poor interpersonal relationship

Above theoptimal level

of stress


Potential Consequences of the Constraint level

Ephemeral emotionsEphemeral emotionsdisappear with timedisappear with time

Object

Easy adaptationEasy adaptationReady for a new demandReady for a new demand

Vulnerabilitylow

Low

Permanents and definitive's Permanents and definitive's psychological perturbationspsychological perturbations

Vulnerabilityhigh

High

Constraint Reactions

- Ensure that the workload is in line with workers' capabilities and resources.

- Design jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their skills.

- Clearly define workers' roles and responsibilities.

- Give workers opportunities to participate in decisions and actions affecting their jobs.

- Improve communications-reduce uncertainty about career development and future employment prospects.

- Provide opportunities for social interaction among workers.

- Establish work schedules that are compatible with demands and responsibilities outside the job.

How to change the organization to prevent job Stress


Organization and Job Stress

A- Is the workload is in line with workers' capabilities and resources.

B- Is the content of jobs provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their skills.

C- Are workers' roles and responsibilities clearly defined.

D- Are opportunities given to crews to participate in decisions and actions affecting their jobs.

E- Are career development and future employment prospects communicated.

F- Are opportunities provided for social interaction among crews.

G- Are work schedules compatible with demands and responsibilities outside the job.-

1- Concerning the organizationon board the ship

Score the subject and an give an example If possible ?

0 2 4 6 8 10

Absolutely No: 0 ; No: 2 ; No but…: 4 ;Yes but…: 6 ; Yes: 8 ; Absolutely Yes: 10 If no idea use question mark : ?

Organization and Job Stress

- Is the workload is in line with workers' capabilities and resources.

- Is the content of jobs provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their skills.

- Are workers' roles and responsibilities clearly defined.

- Are opportunities given to crews to participate in decisions and actions affecting their jobs.

- Are career development and future employment prospects communicated.

- Are opportunities provided for social interaction among crews.

- Are work schedules compatible with demands and responsibilities outside the job.

-

2-

Act

ua

l situ

atio

nS

core

s fr

om p

revi

ous

page

3-

Co

uld

we

imp

rove

itY

es,

No

or

?1- Concerning the organizationon board the ship

If yes to 3 : How can we do it ?

If no to 3 : Why ?

- Discover your own level of stress - Respect yourself and esteem yourself- Make other respect you and esteem you

Stress sans détresse, Hans SELYE , 1975

Stress without Distress


Ships in Service Training Material Seafarer’s Health : Endurance Risk Factors Operational factors...

Documents

Transcript of Ships in Service Training Material Seafarer’s Health : Endurance Risk Factors Operational factors...