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Applications and Performance of
NDT Technologies in Condition
Assessment of Concrete Bridge
Decks
Nenad GucunskiRutgers University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
2013 Louisiana Transportation Conference
February 18, Baton Rouge, LA
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NDT for Bridge Decks 2013 LTC
Bridge Deck Damage
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Typical Deck Deterioration
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Roughly 600,000 Nations bridges with an average
age of 44 years. At the same time concrete decks are
deteriorating faster than other bridge components. Between 50 and 85% of bridge maintenance funds
are spent to repair or replace portions of the
Nations 2.8 billion square feet of bridge decks.
Several billions are spent annually to maintain, repairand replace bridge decks.
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Traditional Methods of Deck Evaluation
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NDE Techniques for Bridge Decks
Resistivity
GPR
Seismic/Ultrasonic
GPR Ultrasonics
Impact Echo
Half-
Cell
Ultrasonics and
Impact Echo
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Project Objectives
1. To identify and characterize rapid NDT technologies
for concrete deck deterioration;
2. To evaluate the strengths and limitations of
applicable NDT technologies from theperspective of speed, accuracy, precision, and ease
of use; to validate the promising technologies;
3. To recommend test procedures and protocolsfor the most effective application of the bridge deck
NDT methods evaluated, and;
4. To develop an NDT repository for practitioners.
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Outline
NDE technology validation objectives
Validation testing of NDT technologies
Field validation testing
Laboratory validation testing
Grading of NDT technologies
Electronic repository of NDT technologies NDToolbox
Conclusions and anticipated impacts
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Project Flow and Anticipated Impacts
NDT Technology RankingTest Bed Selection
Panel ReviewPhase II Work Plan
Validation TestingRecommendations
Electronic ResourceFinal Report
Improved Knowledge on
NDT for Bridge Decks andFoundation for Better AssetManagement
Project InitiationLiterature Search
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Selection of Deterioration Types
The evaluation of NDT technologies was carried out
with respect to the following four deterioration types:
Delamination,
Corrosion,
Cracking, and
Concrete degradation.
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Selection of Performance Measures
Five performance measures selected for categorizing
and ranking of technologies:
Accuracy,
Repeatability, Ease of data collection, analysis and interpretation,
Speed of data collection and analysis, and
Cost of data collection and analysis.
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Considered NDE Technologies
1. Impact echo
2. Ultrasonic pulse echo (UPE)
3. Ultrasonic surface waves (USW)
4. Impulse response (IR)
5. Ground penetrating radar (GPR)6. Microwave moisture technique
7. Eddy current
8. Half-cell potential
9. Galvanostatic pulse measurement (GPM)
10.Electrical resistivity (ER)11.Infrared (IR) thermography
12.Visual inspection
13.Chain drag/hammer sounding
14.Chloride concentration measurement
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Project Flow and Anticipated Impacts
NDT Technology RankingTest Bed Selection
Panel ReviewPhase II Work Plan
Validation TestingRecommendations
Electronic ResourceFinal Report
Improved Knowledge on
NDT for Bridge Decks andFoundation for Better AssetManagement
Project InitiationLiterature Search
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Validation Testing Objectives and Scope
Objectives:
1. Conduct validation testing
2. Document generic features of NDT technologies
Scope:
1. Field validation testing on a real bridge
2.Laboratory validation testing on a deck withprefabricated deterioration and defects
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Field Validation Testing
1. Testing conducted on the LTBP Program bridge in
Haymarket, VA, on a section approximately 84 x 12 ft.
Testing took place in November, 2010.
2. Concentrated on repeatability, speed, ease of use of NDT
technologies.
3. Information regarding the costassociated with the testing
obtained from the participants.
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Rt.15 over I-66 Bridge, Haymarket, VA
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Field Validation Test Area
NTesting
Area
Parking
Area
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Field Validation Testing
AB
CDEF
0 10 20 30 40 50
A
B
C
D
E
F
0 10 20 30 40
Test line for repeatability testing
Test lines and points for the result reporting
Core locations for corrosion validation
Core locations for vertical crack validation
Core locations for delamination validationCore locations for delamination validation
Core locations for concrete deterioration validation
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Haymarket Bridge Deck Surface
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Haymarket Bridge Deck Surface
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Vertical Crack Evaluation
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Validation Cores
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GPR Single Antenna Systems
S
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GPR Single Antenna System
SHRP 2 R06 A
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GPR Single Antenna System
SHRP 2 R06 A
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GPR Multi Antenna Systems
SHRP 2 R06 A
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GPR Multi Antenna System
SHRP 2 R06 A
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Impact Echo and Surface Wave Testing
SHRP 2 R06 A
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Impact Echo Testing
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Air-Coupled Impact Echo
SHRP 2 R06 A
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Air-Coupled Impact Echo
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Impulse Response
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Surface Wave Testing
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Air-Coupled Surface Wave Testing
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Galvano-static Pulse Measurement
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Chain Drag
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Hammer Sounding
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Field Validation of NDT Technologies
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Sample Impact Echo Results
Incipient Delamination Area with no DelaminationShallow Top Concrete
Delamination
A
B
C
D
E
FG
A
B
C
D
E
FG
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
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Sample Impact Echo Results
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Sample GPR Results
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Sample GPR Results
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Longitudinal Distance (ft)
Depth Corrected GPR Condition
0
5
10
-40 -30 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4
SERIOUS POOR GOODFAIR
Signal Attenuation (Normalized dB) as Condition Indicator
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Delamination Detection ResultsParticipant
#Technology C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
9 IE
9Chain Drag/
Hammer Sounding
6 AC IE
7 IE
1 IE
2 Infrared
Correct Detection False Detection Approximate DetectionNo data available:
N/A
Participant # C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
1
8 N/A N/A N/A
9
4/5
4
Correct Detection False DetectionApproximate
Detection
No data available:
N/A
Impact
Echo
GPR
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Sample Corrosion Assessment Results
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Longitudinal Distance (ft)
5
10
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
Corrosion Rate Grade
VeryHigh
High
Modto
LowLow Decreasing Corrosion Rate Indication
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80
Longitudinal Distance (ft)
0
4
8
12
-720 -600 -480 -360 -307 -237 -180 -140 -100 -60
90% prob. ofno corrosion
90% prob. ofcorrosion
transition
Electrical
Resistivity
Half-Cell
Potential
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Sample Results Technology Repeatability
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Validation Testing
2. Laboratory component (conducted at UTEP, mid
December, 2010 to mid January 2011)
a. Testing on a prepared 20x8 ft bare deck slab with aseries of defects/deteriorations (delaminations,
vertical cracks, corrosion).
b. Testing on a section of a real bridge where
deterioration and defects were determined after the
validation testing through autopsies.c. Concentrated on accuracy and repeatability of NDT
technologies.
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Test Slab with Simulated Deterioration
Shallow Delamination Shallow Very Thin Delamination
Shallow Severe Delamination Deep Delamination
Vertical Cracking Rebar Corrosion
Test Lines and Points Core Location
8
ft
20 ft
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
DL8
DL9
C3 C4
C1 C2
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Laboratory Validation Fabricated Slab
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Cores from the Validation Slab
C3
Very Thin
Delamination
Delamination
Thick
Delamination
C2C1
Delamination
Corroded Rebar in Core:
Black Corrosion (Fe3O4)
C4
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Seismic/Ultrasonic and GPR Testing
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Galvanostatic Pulse Measurement and GPR
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Contact and Air-Coupled Impact Echo and
Surface Wave Testing
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Chain Drag and Hammer Sounding
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Delamination Detection from Impact Echo
Shallow Delamination Shallow Very Thin Delamination
Shallow Severe Delamination Deep DelaminationVertical Cracking Rebar Corrosion
Test Lines and Points
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Frequency[kHz]
4
6
8
10
12
14
# of Column2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 181
#ofRow
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
SC=Shallow delamination
SC
SC
SC SC
SC
4.2 in.
3~6 in.
4 in.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Longitudinal Distance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
LateralDistance
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Delamination Detection Results GPR
Shallow Delamination Shallow Very Thin Delamination
Shallow Severe Delamination Deep DelaminationVertical Cracking Rebar Corrosion
Test Lines and Points
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
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Infrared Thermography Result
`
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Grading of NDT Technologies - Accuracy
Detectability
Extent
(weight =0.3)
Detectability
Threshold
(weight = 0.3)
Severity of
Deterioration
(weight = 0.4)
8 Air-Couplded 3 3 1 2.2
4 Ground Coupled 3 3 1 2.2
1 Ground-Coupled 1 1 1 1.0
5 Ground-Coupled 1 1 1 1.0
9 Ground-Coupled 3 3 1 2.2
4 Scanning System 3 3 3 3.0
6 Air-Coupled 5 5 1 3.47 Air-Coupled 3 3 1 2.2
1 Scanning System 3 3 1 2.2
9 Scanning System 3 3 3 3.0
IE-USW 9 Stationary 3 5 1 2.8 2.8 2.8
Infrared 2 Handheld Camera 3 3 1 2.2 2.2 2.2
Chain Drag 9 -- 3 1 1 1.6 1.6 1.6
GPM-HCP 4 Stationary 3 1 3 2.4 2.4 2.4
1 Ground-Coupled 1 3 1 1.6
5 Ground-Coupled 1 3 1 1.6
HCP 9 Stationary 3 3 1 2.2 2.2 2.4
1 Stationary 3 1 1 1.6
4 Stationary 3 3 3 3.0
SWT 7 Stationary 3 3 3 3.0 3.0 3.0
TOFD 7 Stationary 3 1 1 1.6 1.6 1.6
Concrete
D
egradation
USW 9 Stationary 3 3 5 3.8 3.8 3.8
DefectAverage
Point
Max.
Point
1.7 2.2
Delamination
2.8 3.4
Technology Participant Device Point
GPR
Performance Parameters for Accuracy
Impact Echo
GPRRebar
Co
rrosion
CrackDepth
1.6 1.6
SASW 2.3 3.0
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Grading of NDT Technologies - Speed
Technology Participant
Speed (ft2/hr)
(Raw Data)
Speed
(Grade)
Overall Grade
Data
CollectionData Analysis
Data Collection
(WF = 0.6)
Data Analysis
(WF = 0.4)
Infrared 2 1750 1008 4 5 4.4
GPR (Aladdin) 4/5 2931 5 3 4.2
GPR 8 2871 600 5 3 4.2
GPR 9 2313 800 5 3 4.2
GPR 4 2032 5 3 4.2
Electrical Resistivity 9 1415 1008 3 5 3.8
Infrared 10 1227 3 5 3.8
Half Cell Potential 9 1156 1008 3 5 3.8
Impulse Response 3 1217 1008 3 5 3.8
GPR (Hand cart) 1 2188 252 5 1 3.4
GPR 5 2060 120 5 1 3.4
Chain drag/hammer
sounding9 802 1008 2 5 3.2
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Grading of NDT Technologies - Speed
Technology # of Participants Max Grade Average Grade
Infrared 2 4.4 4.1
GPR 5 4.2 3.9
ER 1 3.8 3.8
HCP 1 3.8 3.8
Impulse R 1 3.8 3.8
Chain Drag 1 3.2 3.2
GPM 1 2.4 2.4
USW 1 2.4 2.4
impact Echo 6 2.8 2.3
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Grading of NDT Technologies- Ease of Use
Technology Participant
DataCollection
Data Analysis Potential forAutomation Overall Index
for Ease of Use
WF = 0.45 WF = 0.4 WF = 0.15
Infrared 10 3.7 5 3 4.1
Chain drag/hammer sounding 9 3.4 5 3 4
Infrared 2 3.2 5 3 3.9
Resistivity 9 3.7 3 5 3.6
Half Cell 9 3.2 3 5 3.4
Impulse Response 3 2.3 3 3 2.7
Galvanostatic Pulse Meas. 4 2.1 3 3 2.6
Impact echo 9 3.0 1 5 2.5
GPR 9 3.2 1 3 2.3
GPR 1 3.2 1 3 2.3
GPR 5 3.2 1 3 2.3
GPR 4 3.2 1 3 2.3
IE-SASW(Surface Waves) 4 3.2 1 3 2.3
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Grading of NDT Technologies - Cost
$-
$0.10
$0.20
$0.30
$0.40
$0.50
$0.60
$0.70
$0.80
Radar Acoustic Chain D/
Hammer S
Infrared Electro-chemical
OverallCost/ft2
(exc
ludingthetrafficco
ntrol)
5000 ft2 Bridge
10000 ft2 Bridge
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Summary Grades
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Project Flow and Anticipated Impacts
NDT Technology RankingTest Bed Selection
Panel ReviewPhase II Work Plan
Validation TestingRecommendations
Electronic ResourceFinal Report
Improved Knowledge on
NDT for Bridge Decks andFoundation for Better AssetManagement
Project Initiation
Literature Search
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Content of Electronic NDT Repository
1. Summarized information on all recommended
methods for bridge deck evaluation, to obtain:
a. information about a particular NDT technique,
and
b. a prioritized list of NDT techniques for different
types of deterioration detection.
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Content of Electronic NDT Repository
2. Documentation for recommended test procedures,
protocols, and available standards and guidelines,
3. Samples of data output, results presentation and
interpretation,4. Equipment features, including cost, availability and
specifications,
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Expanded NDT Toolbox for Transportation
Infrastructure AssetsIncorporated additional SHRP 2 projects:
1. R06B: Evaluating Applications of Field Spectroscopy Devices
to Fingerprint Commonly Used Construction Materials
2. R06C: Using Both Infrared and High-Speed Ground PenetratingRadar for Uniformity Measurement on New HMA Layers
3. R06D: Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations
between HMA Layers
4. R06E: Real-Time Smoothness Measurements on Portland
Cement Concrete Pavements During Construction
5. R06F: Development of Continuous Deflection Device
6. R06G: Mapping Voids, Debonding, Delaminations, Moisture,
and Other Defects Behind or Within Tunnel Linings
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Conclusions
A number of NDE technologies can provide detailedand accurate information only about a certain type ofdeterioration or defect.
Comprehensive condition assessment of bridge
decks, at this stage, can be achieved only through acomplementary use of multiple technologies.
Complete conclusions and recommendations can befound in the final report
http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/167278.aspx
SHRP 2 R06-A
http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/167278.aspxhttp://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/167278.aspx7/29/2019 S13_Applications and Performance of NDT Technologies in Condition Assessment of Concrete Bridge Decks_LTC2013
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NDT for Bridge Decks 2013 LTCNDT for Bridge Decks 2013 LTC
Anticipated Contributions and Impacts
The final product, the electronic repository NDToolbox,
is:
Complete in the subject matter(detailed in
descriptions and discussions, fully illustrated, etc.)
Practical in the manner it conveys guidance to
engineers and maintenance managers, incorporating
a number of itemized checklists of important activities
and actions associated with selecting and executing
NDT to identify the deterioration of bridge decks.
SHRP 2 R06-A
7/29/2019 S13_Applications and Performance of NDT Technologies in Condition Assessment of Concrete Bridge Decks_LTC2013
70/70
NDT for Bridge Decks 2013 LTC
Thank You!
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