WELCOME
ROLE OF PROTECTED CULTIVATION IN FRUIT CROPS
PRAVEEN KUMAR MISHRA Ph.D. Scholar
Deptt. of Horticulture(Fruit and Fruit Technology)Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar-813210
CONTENTS
What is Protected Cultivation ? Why Protected Cultivation ? How it can possible in fruit crops? Protected Cultivation Technologies Major fruit Crops in Protected structure Cultivation
strawberry, banana, cherry, Peach and Nectarine etc. Conclusion
What is Protected Cultivation ?
Protected cultivation (PC) is most intensive agricultural production systems to minimise the chemical, pesticides residue in pomological produce and accelerate R&D with climate change and changing cropping pattern .
Greenhouse were first introduced in India during 1960’s for research purpose and commercial cultivation started in 1988.
50 to 80 % subsidy on green house construction Emphasis to raise socio-economic condition of farmers Boon for marginal and small growers in peri- urban areas
Uniform and better quality production and fresh fruits availability Higher productivity Weed free cultivation Efficient use of resources Regulate harvesting time to reduced post-harvest losses Round the year as well as off-season cultivation is possible in hostile climates Better insect pest and disease control with lesser use of pesticides Employment generation from small holdings Create micro-climate for optimum plant performance Check the losses from natural calamities Conservation of biodiversity Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses
WHY PROTECTED CULIVATION ?
How it can possible in fruit crops ?
Design of structures : Low-cost protected technology (viz. plastic mulches, plastic low tunnels and walk-in tunnels), Green house technology
Human resource development Drip fertigation system Modern nursery raising and complete production technology CPCT, IARI, New Delhi Centres of Excellence for Fruit Crop Nurseries established in
Sirsa, Haryana
Protected Cultivation Technologies
Drip fertigation Raised beds Mulching
Tunnels : plastic covered and insect screen covered Net-houses : Shade nets (Intensity & color) and insect-proof nets (Porosity) Protection against animals , birds, excessive radiation, wind and hails Greenhouses, Mist chambers etc. IPM in Greenhouse Earth Tube Heat Exchanger (ETHE) for hot humid areas
Shade nets
ETHE before being covered
Production systems in Greenhouse
Soil system/Geoponics
Soilless culture/Container system
Hydroponics
Aeroponics
Protection against insects – virusesProtection against adverse weather conditions – rain, snow, wind,
hails etc.Possibilities of controlling climate condition: Heaters, coolers,
white-wash, nets and ventilatorsReliable production and good quality
A greenhouse provides:
A greenhouse is a framed structure covered with transparent material in which crops may be grown under modified environment
Depending on transparency, the greenhouse cover allows solar radiation to pass through but traps thermal radiation emitted by the objects within, thus increasing the inside temperature (greenhouse effect).
Approximately 1000 w/ m2
Greenhouse effect
Basic growth analysis in strawberry plants (Fragaria sp.) exposed to different radiation environments
Root to shoot ratio in strawberry plants (Fragaria sp.) exposed to colored covers.
Posada et al. 2012
Radiation management
Influence of the Radiometric Characteristics of Innovative Photoselective and Photoluminescent Plastic Films on the Growth of Fruit Trees
Relative cherry annual apical shoot growth expressed as percent of shoots length in the not-covered trees (open field)
Relative peach annual shoot growth expressed as percent of shoots length in the not-covered trees (open field) and fertility index
Schettini et al. University of Bari, Italy
Peach and cherry trees cultivated under the greenhouse covered with LDPE film at the beginning of the test and in August 2007
Peach and cherry trees cultivated under the greenhouse covered with the photoselective GREEN4% film at the beginning of the test and in August 2007.
Sche
ttini
et a
l. U
nive
rsity
of B
ari,
Italy
Production Technology for High Tunnel
Strawberry
Florida Elyana is a new cultivar under protected structures
Elyana is a short-day plant High tunnels will produce fruit
about 3 to 4 weeks earlier in the spring compared to plasticulture production in the field, with a 25% to 71% yield increase.
Yield increase up to 50% in the protected strawberry production system. Coneva, 2010
Organic production
Mulching
Check weed growth Increase water and nutrient use efficiency Improvement in colour blush, fruit sizes,
and sets, fruit quality Some fruits can see increased brix levels,
meaning better taste Earlier and more balanced harvesting Reduction in harvesting time (due to a reduction in passes for picking)
Plastic mulching in tree fruit crops
Kaska et al. 1988
Pollination
By bumble bees. By electric or battery powered vibrator
for 1-2 seconds. Air from the mist blower Vibrator is not good on cloudy day
duirng winter because humidity prevents pollen dehiscence.
On sunny day vibrator can be used twice a day at 10-11 AM and 2-3PM.
During pollination, touching to developing fruits should be avoided.
Vibrator should be wiped after each use with a clean cloth.
Breeding new Varieties
Multistoried cultivation
Strawberry harvesting
Ambad et al. 2007
Total and commercial yield of strawberries (kg 100m-2) and gross income (PLN 100m-2)
Radajewska, 2005
BANANA
Increased number of days with mean temperature above 16°C Cv. Grand Nain widely cultivated followed by Dwarf Cavendish (Gubbuk, H., 2008) Protection against wind and other weather conditions Reduction in water consumption and savings of 25–40% (6000–7000 m3/ha/year) are reported (Israeli, Y.
2008) Increased leaf surface area leading to higher photosynthetic capacity Shortened crop cycle of the plant to less than 13 months Production of larger and heavier bunches PE covers of (750 gauge) (190 μm)- Most favourable conditions for G & D, lower penetration of UV rays
and white flies, higher temperature than net houses Farmers prefer to use nets instead of PE to cultivate bananas in the warmer areas
(Galán Saúco et al., 2004; Galán Saúco, 2002; Galán Saúco and Cabrera Cabrera, 2002).
Influence of environmental modification (greenhouse versus open air) and aspect (north versus south slope) on morphology, crop duration and yield of AAA ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ bananas in the Canary Islands.
R2- Second and R3 -Third ratoon cyclesN- North and S- South
Galán Saúco et al., 1992
Bunch covering
Garden, BAU
Protection of young bunches with polyethylene bag
Symptoms of Cigar end rot (right) and healthy (left)
Symptoms of Cigar end rot (right), Sunburn (between) and healthy (left)
Effect of bunch covers on bunch area covered by blemishes, dust, spider webs and bird droppings of tissue cultured banana cv. Williams using Merz 0-6 scale (Merz, 2000) Muchui et al. 2010
Storage of tissue-cultured banana cultivar Williams as influenced by bunch covers
Effect of polyethylene bunch cover on fungal diseases control of banana & yield in Iran
Amani and Avagyan , 2014
Bagging
Typical, high-quality greenhouse grown white-fleshed peaches at street market in Beijing, P.R. China in April, 2010.
Mango Guava
NECTARINE & PEACH
“Chunmei” peach in high tunnel greenhouse in P.R. China 2010. (Photo
by Z.Q. Wang)
Solar lean-to greenhouses without sunken floor with nectarines in P.R. China 2010 (photo by
D.R. Layne)
Peaches, plums, and cherries have the potential for out-of-season production and organic production when grown in HT, especially when dwarfing rootstocks are being used in the production system.
Foreground view of solar lean-to greenhouse before superstructure and side-walls established. P.R. China in April, 2010. (photo by D.R. Layne)
High-tunnel greenhouse (left) beside conventional outside orchard trees (right) P.R. China in April, 2010. (Photo by D.R. Layne)
AVOID FRUIT CRACKING
Bioforsk three-wires system
Multibay polyethylene tunnels for prevention of fruit cracking sweet cherry production in Norway Meland et al. 2014
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS TO AVOID FRUIT CRACKING IN CHERRY
Average percentage fruit cracking of ‘Sweetheart’cherries in Loftus, Norway sprayed twice with 1% Biofilm in 2008 in combination with or without a preharvest fungicide (fenhexamid) and plastic ground covers, compared to untreated control trees on the day of harvest
Meland et al. 2014
PAPAYA PLANT COVERED BY STRAW FOR FROST
Fruit tree cultivation under polyethylene tent as alternative method of stone fruit production to conventional production
Morgas and Mica , RIPF Poland
Minimise insect pest incidenceSchedules application of insecticide and crop period under open and polyhouse condition
Name and incidence of insect-pest on high value fruit crop under open and polyhouse condition
Singh et al. 2012
The average selling price of four years = Rs.40/kgthe average cost of cultivation of four years = Rs.5/plant
Effect of insect-pest incidence on strawberry under open and polyhouse condition
Singh et al. 2012
Effect of insect-pest incidence on strawberry under open and polyhouse condition
Blueberries Blueberries receive a high price on
the market but their price does fluctuate throughout the year due to variations in supply.
High tunnel technology is currently being explored for the feasibility to induce early flowering in blueberries. A profuse fruit set, almost doubled yield increase, and considerably higher returns to the growers are observed in the high tunnel blueberry production system
Coneva, 2010
Brambles, especially primocane blackberries and raspberries, have shown a great potential for extended fall berry production in HT . HT bramble production has shown tremendous yield increases over field production, with primocane-bearing raspberries producing a fall crop 2 to 3 times as great as that expected from field production in addition to production of a summer crop. Harvest in the fall has been extended at least three weeks later than that normally expected for field production
Coneva, 2010
Nursery Management
Nursery Management
Hardening and acclimatization
Glass house Shade house Transplantation in the field
Maintenance of in-vitro raised cultures
Round the year plant production
Change the height of banana cultivars seedling in protectedenvironment depending on the period observed
Santos et al., 2008
GROWTH OF SEEDLING PAPAYA AND PASSION FRUIT IN DIFFERENTPROTECTED ENVIRONMENTS IN AQUIDAUANA /MS
Santos et al. 2008
Plant height (cm) of papaya for the parcels (environments - A), measured at 31, 38, 45and 50 DAS, in Aquidauana - MS, 2006.
Plant height (cm) of passonfruit for the parcels (environments - A), measured at 31, 38, 45and 50 DAS, in Aquidauana - MS, 2006.
A1 (greenhouse plastic covered with a polyethylene film of low density diffuser of light, of 150 microns) A2 (screened with monofilament mesh, in the black, for 50% of shade)A3 (screened with mesh aluminizada for 50% of shadow) A4 (environment with coverage of straw, coconut native of the region)
T2 Height of plants (HP) passion fruit, in sub-plots (containers - C) and sub-sub-plots (substrates -S) evaluated at 31, 38, 45 and 50 DAS, in Aquidauana - MS, 2006.
S1 (soil + organic compound + vermiculite, in the volumetric proportion of 1:1:1 v / v), S2 (soil organic +compound + powder-de-serra, in the proportion of 1:1 volumetric : 1 v / v)S3 (soil + organic compound + vermiculite + powder-de-serra, in the volumetric proportion of 1:1:1 / 2:1 / 2 v / v)
C1 (polyethylene bags, 15 x 25 cm) C2 (the polystyrene trays, containing 72 cells) Santos et al. 2008
T1 Height of plants (HP) papaya, in the sub-plots (containers - C) and sub-sub-plots (substrates -S) evaluated at 31, 38, 45 and 50 DAS, in Aquidauana - MS, 2006, and coefficient of variation (CV) as a percentage (%).
Santos et al. 2008
PROTECTED ENVIRONMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PASSION FRUIT AND PAPAYA SEEDLINGS IN THE SOUTHERN PANTANAL MATOGROSSENSEFresh mass (LFM) and dried (LDM) leaves, fresh mass (RFM) and dried (RDM) roots of passion fruit, in grams.
A1 (plastic greenhouse covered with a polyethylene film of low light density diffuser, 150 microns thick)A2 (net nursery with black monofilament, 50% of shade)A3 (nursery with aluminium net for 50% of shadow)A4 (nursery at ambient with straw coverage of native coconut)
Costa et al. 2008
Fresh mass (LFM) and dried (LDM) leaves, fresh mass (RFM) and dried (RDM) roots of papaya, in grams
R1 (polyethylene bags, 15 x 25 cm) R2 (polystyrene trays, containing 72 cells).
S1 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite, in the volumetric proportion of 1:1:1 v / v) S2 (soil + organic compost+ dust saw, in the proportion of 1:1 volumetric: 1 v / v) S3 (soil +organic compost + vermiculite + dust saw, in the volumetric proportion of 1:1:1 / 2:1 / 2 v / v).
Costa et al. 2008
Limitations of protected cultivation
High cost of initial installation Non-availability of various components Needs a special postharvest facility
STRATEGIES FOR ACCELERATING PRODUCTION
Regular uninterrupted power supply Government support to establishment of protected structures Proper market linkages/ market intelligence and cool chain Combined efforts of the national boards such as NHM, NHB and RKVY Developing multistoried vertical farms near the peri-urban localities
THRUST AREA OF RESEARCH
Need to develop high-yielding varieties Dire need of trained manpower Standardization of agro technique for individual crop Location-specific protected structure transfer to the farmers (KVK &FSC) Automation and crop modeling still in infancy Research on media, fertigation, IPM/IDM etc Development and supply of quality planting materials suitable crop sequences and seasons based research Selection and promotion of suitable design of protected structures
Conclusion
Protected cultivation (PC) of fruits are beneficial for producing quality production for export. PC production system offers great scope to produce organic fruit, minimize insect pest incidence, avoid fruit cracking, prevent frost injury, hardening of tissue culture as well as cutted ,budded, layered and grafted plants.Lack of local varieties suited for growing under protected structures then breeding of specific varieties is must. Production technology of each crop should be standardizedGreat scope of employment for providing service support to the greenhouse growers. On an average, this would provide regular employment to 3 persons per hectare area under greenhouses/micro-irrigation.
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