WELCOME

ROLE OF PROTECTED CULTIVATION IN FRUIT CROPS

PRAVEEN KUMAR MISHRA Ph.D. Scholar

Deptt. of Horticulture(Fruit and Fruit Technology)Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar-813210

CONTENTS

What is Protected Cultivation ? Why Protected Cultivation ? How it can possible in fruit crops? Protected Cultivation Technologies Major fruit Crops in Protected structure Cultivation

strawberry, banana, cherry, Peach and Nectarine etc. Conclusion

What is Protected Cultivation ?

Protected cultivation (PC) is most intensive agricultural production systems to minimise the chemical, pesticides residue in pomological produce and accelerate R&D with climate change and changing cropping pattern .

Greenhouse were first introduced in India during 1960’s for research purpose and commercial cultivation started in 1988.

50 to 80 % subsidy on green house construction Emphasis to raise socio-economic condition of farmers Boon for marginal and small growers in peri- urban areas

Uniform and better quality production and fresh fruits availability Higher productivity Weed free cultivation Efficient use of resources Regulate harvesting time to reduced post-harvest losses Round the year as well as off-season cultivation is possible in hostile climates Better insect pest and disease control with lesser use of pesticides Employment generation from small holdings Create micro-climate for optimum plant performance Check the losses from natural calamities Conservation of biodiversity Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses

WHY PROTECTED CULIVATION ?

How it can possible in fruit crops ?

Design of structures : Low-cost protected technology (viz. plastic mulches, plastic low tunnels and walk-in tunnels), Green house technology

Human resource development Drip fertigation system Modern nursery raising and complete production technology CPCT, IARI, New Delhi Centres of Excellence for Fruit Crop Nurseries established in

Sirsa, Haryana

Protected Cultivation Technologies

Drip fertigation Raised beds Mulching

Tunnels : plastic covered and insect screen covered Net-houses : Shade nets (Intensity & color) and insect-proof nets (Porosity) Protection against animals , birds, excessive radiation, wind and hails Greenhouses, Mist chambers etc. IPM in Greenhouse Earth Tube Heat Exchanger (ETHE) for hot humid areas

Shade nets

ETHE before being covered

Production systems in Greenhouse

Soil system/Geoponics

Soilless culture/Container system

Hydroponics

Aeroponics

Protection against insects – virusesProtection against adverse weather conditions – rain, snow, wind,

hails etc.Possibilities of controlling climate condition: Heaters, coolers,

white-wash, nets and ventilatorsReliable production and good quality

A greenhouse provides:

A greenhouse is a framed structure covered with transparent material in which crops may be grown under modified environment

Depending on transparency, the greenhouse cover allows solar radiation to pass through but traps thermal radiation emitted by the objects within, thus increasing the inside temperature (greenhouse effect).

Approximately 1000 w/ m2

Greenhouse effect

Basic growth analysis in strawberry plants (Fragaria sp.) exposed to different radiation environments

Root to shoot ratio in strawberry plants (Fragaria sp.) exposed to colored covers.

Posada et al. 2012

Radiation management

Influence of the Radiometric Characteristics of Innovative Photoselective and Photoluminescent Plastic Films on the Growth of Fruit Trees

Relative cherry annual apical shoot growth expressed as percent of shoots length in the not-covered trees (open field)

Relative peach annual shoot growth expressed as percent of shoots length in the not-covered trees (open field) and fertility index

Schettini et al. University of Bari, Italy

Peach and cherry trees cultivated under the greenhouse covered with LDPE film at the beginning of the test and in August 2007

Peach and cherry trees cultivated under the greenhouse covered with the photoselective GREEN4% film at the beginning of the test and in August 2007.

Sche

ttini

et a

l. U

nive

rsity

of B

ari,

Italy

Production Technology for High Tunnel

Strawberry

Florida Elyana is a new cultivar under protected structures

Elyana is a short-day plant High tunnels will produce fruit

about 3 to 4 weeks earlier in the spring compared to plasticulture production in the field, with a 25% to 71% yield increase.

Yield increase up to 50% in the protected strawberry production system. Coneva, 2010

Organic production

Mulching

Check weed growth Increase water and nutrient use efficiency Improvement in colour blush, fruit sizes,

and sets, fruit quality Some fruits can see increased brix levels,

meaning better taste Earlier and more balanced harvesting Reduction in harvesting time (due to a reduction in passes for picking)

Plastic mulching in tree fruit crops

Kaska et al. 1988

Pollination

By bumble bees. By electric or battery powered vibrator

for 1-2 seconds. Air from the mist blower Vibrator is not good on cloudy day

duirng winter because humidity prevents pollen dehiscence.

On sunny day vibrator can be used twice a day at 10-11 AM and 2-3PM.

During pollination, touching to developing fruits should be avoided.

Vibrator should be wiped after each use with a clean cloth.

Breeding new Varieties

Multistoried cultivation

Strawberry harvesting

Ambad et al. 2007

Total and commercial yield of strawberries (kg 100m-2) and gross income (PLN 100m-2)

Radajewska, 2005

BANANA

Increased number of days with mean temperature above 16°C Cv. Grand Nain widely cultivated followed by Dwarf Cavendish (Gubbuk, H., 2008) Protection against wind and other weather conditions Reduction in water consumption and savings of 25–40% (6000–7000 m3/ha/year) are reported (Israeli, Y.

2008) Increased leaf surface area leading to higher photosynthetic capacity Shortened crop cycle of the plant to less than 13 months Production of larger and heavier bunches PE covers of (750 gauge) (190 μm)- Most favourable conditions for G & D, lower penetration of UV rays

and white flies, higher temperature than net houses Farmers prefer to use nets instead of PE to cultivate bananas in the warmer areas

(Galán Saúco et al., 2004; Galán Saúco, 2002; Galán Saúco and Cabrera Cabrera, 2002).

Influence of environmental modification (greenhouse versus open air) and aspect (north versus south slope) on morphology, crop duration and yield of AAA ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ bananas in the Canary Islands.

R2- Second and R3 -Third ratoon cyclesN- North and S- South

Galán Saúco et al., 1992

Bunch covering

Garden, BAU

Protection of young bunches with polyethylene bag

Symptoms of Cigar end rot (right) and healthy (left)

Symptoms of Cigar end rot (right), Sunburn (between) and healthy (left)

Effect of bunch covers on bunch area covered by blemishes, dust, spider webs and bird droppings of tissue cultured banana cv. Williams using Merz 0-6 scale (Merz, 2000) Muchui et al. 2010

Storage of tissue-cultured banana cultivar Williams as influenced by bunch covers

Effect of polyethylene bunch cover on fungal diseases control of banana & yield in Iran

Amani and Avagyan , 2014

Bagging

Typical, high-quality greenhouse grown white-fleshed peaches at street market in Beijing, P.R. China in April, 2010.

Mango Guava

NECTARINE & PEACH

“Chunmei” peach in high tunnel greenhouse in P.R. China 2010. (Photo

by Z.Q. Wang)

Solar lean-to greenhouses without sunken floor with nectarines in P.R. China 2010 (photo by

D.R. Layne)

Peaches, plums, and cherries have the potential for out-of-season production and organic production when grown in HT, especially when dwarfing rootstocks are being used in the production system.

Foreground view of solar lean-to greenhouse before superstructure and side-walls established. P.R. China in April, 2010. (photo by D.R. Layne)

High-tunnel greenhouse (left) beside conventional outside orchard trees (right) P.R. China in April, 2010. (Photo by D.R. Layne)

AVOID FRUIT CRACKING

Bioforsk three-wires system

Multibay polyethylene tunnels for prevention of fruit cracking sweet cherry production in Norway Meland et al. 2014

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS TO AVOID FRUIT CRACKING IN CHERRY

Average percentage fruit cracking of ‘Sweetheart’cherries in Loftus, Norway sprayed twice with 1% Biofilm in 2008 in combination with or without a preharvest fungicide (fenhexamid) and plastic ground covers, compared to untreated control trees on the day of harvest

Meland et al. 2014

PAPAYA PLANT COVERED BY STRAW FOR FROST

Fruit tree cultivation under polyethylene tent as alternative method of stone fruit production to conventional production

Morgas and Mica , RIPF Poland

Minimise insect pest incidenceSchedules application of insecticide and crop period under open and polyhouse condition

Name and incidence of insect-pest on high value fruit crop under open and polyhouse condition

Singh et al. 2012

The average selling price of four years = Rs.40/kgthe average cost of cultivation of four years = Rs.5/plant

Effect of insect-pest incidence on strawberry under open and polyhouse condition

Singh et al. 2012

Effect of insect-pest incidence on strawberry under open and polyhouse condition

Blueberries Blueberries receive a high price on

the market but their price does fluctuate throughout the year due to variations in supply.

High tunnel technology is currently being explored for the feasibility to induce early flowering in blueberries. A profuse fruit set, almost doubled yield increase, and considerably higher returns to the growers are observed in the high tunnel blueberry production system

Coneva, 2010

Brambles, especially primocane blackberries and raspberries, have shown a great potential for extended fall berry production in HT . HT bramble production has shown tremendous yield increases over field production, with primocane-bearing raspberries producing a fall crop 2 to 3 times as great as that expected from field production in addition to production of a summer crop. Harvest in the fall has been extended at least three weeks later than that normally expected for field production

Coneva, 2010

Nursery Management

Nursery Management

Hardening and acclimatization

Glass house Shade house Transplantation in the field

Maintenance of in-vitro raised cultures

Round the year plant production

Change the height of banana cultivars seedling in protectedenvironment depending on the period observed

Santos et al., 2008

GROWTH OF SEEDLING PAPAYA AND PASSION FRUIT IN DIFFERENTPROTECTED ENVIRONMENTS IN AQUIDAUANA /MS

Santos et al. 2008

Plant height (cm) of papaya for the parcels (environments - A), measured at 31, 38, 45and 50 DAS, in Aquidauana - MS, 2006.

Plant height (cm) of passonfruit for the parcels (environments - A), measured at 31, 38, 45and 50 DAS, in Aquidauana - MS, 2006.

A1 (greenhouse plastic covered with a polyethylene film of low density diffuser of light, of 150 microns) A2 (screened with monofilament mesh, in the black, for 50% of shade)A3 (screened with mesh aluminizada for 50% of shadow) A4 (environment with coverage of straw, coconut native of the region)

T2 Height of plants (HP) passion fruit, in sub-plots (containers - C) and sub-sub-plots (substrates -S) evaluated at 31, 38, 45 and 50 DAS, in Aquidauana - MS, 2006.

S1 (soil + organic compound + vermiculite, in the volumetric proportion of 1:1:1 v / v), S2 (soil organic +compound + powder-de-serra, in the proportion of 1:1 volumetric : 1 v / v)S3 (soil + organic compound + vermiculite + powder-de-serra, in the volumetric proportion of 1:1:1 / 2:1 / 2 v / v)

C1 (polyethylene bags, 15 x 25 cm) C2 (the polystyrene trays, containing 72 cells) Santos et al. 2008

T1 Height of plants (HP) papaya, in the sub-plots (containers - C) and sub-sub-plots (substrates -S) evaluated at 31, 38, 45 and 50 DAS, in Aquidauana - MS, 2006, and coefficient of variation (CV) as a percentage (%).

Santos et al. 2008

PROTECTED ENVIRONMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PASSION FRUIT AND PAPAYA SEEDLINGS IN THE SOUTHERN PANTANAL MATOGROSSENSEFresh mass (LFM) and dried (LDM) leaves, fresh mass (RFM) and dried (RDM) roots of passion fruit, in grams.

A1 (plastic greenhouse covered with a polyethylene film of low light density diffuser, 150 microns thick)A2 (net nursery with black monofilament, 50% of shade)A3 (nursery with aluminium net for 50% of shadow)A4 (nursery at ambient with straw coverage of native coconut)

Costa et al. 2008

Fresh mass (LFM) and dried (LDM) leaves, fresh mass (RFM) and dried (RDM) roots of papaya, in grams

R1 (polyethylene bags, 15 x 25 cm) R2 (polystyrene trays, containing 72 cells).

S1 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite, in the volumetric proportion of 1:1:1 v / v) S2 (soil + organic compost+ dust saw, in the proportion of 1:1 volumetric: 1 v / v) S3 (soil +organic compost + vermiculite + dust saw, in the volumetric proportion of 1:1:1 / 2:1 / 2 v / v).

Costa et al. 2008

Limitations of protected cultivation

High cost of initial installation Non-availability of various components Needs a special postharvest facility

STRATEGIES FOR ACCELERATING PRODUCTION

Regular uninterrupted power supply Government support to establishment of protected structures Proper market linkages/ market intelligence and cool chain Combined efforts of the national boards such as NHM, NHB and RKVY Developing multistoried vertical farms near the peri-urban localities

THRUST AREA OF RESEARCH

Need to develop high-yielding varieties Dire need of trained manpower Standardization of agro technique for individual crop Location-specific protected structure transfer to the farmers (KVK &FSC) Automation and crop modeling still in infancy Research on media, fertigation, IPM/IDM etc Development and supply of quality planting materials suitable crop sequences and seasons based research Selection and promotion of suitable design of protected structures

Conclusion

Protected cultivation (PC) of fruits are beneficial for producing quality production for export. PC production system offers great scope to produce organic fruit, minimize insect pest incidence, avoid fruit cracking, prevent frost injury, hardening of tissue culture as well as cutted ,budded, layered and grafted plants.Lack of local varieties suited for growing under protected structures then breeding of specific varieties is must. Production technology of each crop should be standardizedGreat scope of employment for providing service support to the greenhouse growers. On an average, this would provide regular employment to 3 persons per hectare area under greenhouses/micro-irrigation.

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