R&D Advanced Elective ModuleR&D Advanced Elective ModuleMembers: Yeo Tin Mei, Abigail Koh,

Jocelyn Bong, Lyanne Loh, Sarah Loke

Water inWater inCambodiaCambodia

Overview:1. Introduction &

Background Information

2. Approach and Methods

3. Results

4. Analysis and Discussion

5. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATIONINFORMATION

80% of deaths in Cambodia are due to water borne illness.

Infant mortality rate of children under 5 years old is 14%.

Dirty drinking water is the cause of 20% of these deaths.

Most of these diseases can be cured but medical treatment is not readily available in the many rural parts of Cambodia. We were to propose a method to help improve the water quality of the Cambodians.

APPROACH AND METHODSAPPROACH AND METHODS

Temperature is an important parameter to aquatic life.Cambodia is very warm.– Dissolved oxygen is

low– Decreased growth of

aerobic bacteria– Temperature-sensitive

organisms die– Low salinity– High turbidity

How did we gather our data?1.Survey villagers

– Location of water source and storage water

– Daily habits of the villagers

How did we gather our data?2.Water samples

– Source water– Stored water– Filtered water

How did we utilise our data?1.Comparison among samples from each household2.Comparison between test results and the corresponding surveys, as well as among households with and without the filter3.Test water samples back at our school lab

RESULTSRESULTS

LABORATORY TESTS:LABORATORY TESTS:

MICROBIAL COUNTMICROBIAL COUNT

LABORATORY TESTS:LABORATORY TESTS:

MICROBIAL COUNTMICROBIAL COUNT

ON SITE TESTS:ON SITE TESTS:

WATER PERIMETERSWATER PERIMETERS

* DO = Dissolved Oxygen

Water is used for cooking, drinking & rice field irrigation.

Each person uses 30 – 35 litres of water a day.

SURVEY:SURVEY:

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN 2 HOUSEHOLDSSIMILARITIES BETWEEN 2 HOUSEHOLDS

Water is insufficient.

Children fall sick once or twice a month.(usually diarrhoea)

Hope for clean and potable water supply.

SURVEY ANALYSIS:SURVEY ANALYSIS:

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN 2 HOUSEHOLDSSIMILARITIES BETWEEN 2 HOUSEHOLDS

SURVEY ANALYSIS:SURVEY ANALYSIS:

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 2 HOUSEHOLDSDIFFERENCES BETWEEN 2 HOUSEHOLDS

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Households with water filters still fall sick as often as households that do not have the water filter.– Improper storage

Insufficient water.– Dry season– Long walking distance

from well– Results in villagers

bathing once or twice a month

Do not boil drinking water.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Bio-Sand-filtered water– Comparatively high microbial

count (455,000cfu/ml)– More than 9 times that of

well water

Well water– High microbial count

(5,000cfu/ml)– Safe drinking water (100cfu/ml)– Low compared to other samples

Bio-sand filters did not improve the overall quality of the water.Well water – lowest microbial countWater stored in a jar from site 1 – lowest turbidity