RETURN MIGRATION IN CHINA:A Rural Development Opportunity?
CHINA TODAY
2 URBANIZATION
INDUSTRIALISATION(HEAVY & LIGHT)
1HEAVY INDUSTRY
PORT DEVELOPMENT
CITIES & PORTS RURAL
CHEAPLABOR
(MALES)
CHEAPLABOR
(MALES& FEMALES)
EXPORTS
EXPORTS
MODERNIZATION IN CHINA STAGES 1 & 2 COMBINED
THE RURAL CONTRIBUTION
=RURAL MIGRANT WORKERS
THE RURAL FACTOR
PEOPLE LEFT BEHIND
PEOPLE LEFT BEHIND...
WOMEN
ELDERY
CHILDREN
MODERNIZATION IN CHINA
INDUSTRIAL
TRANSFORMATION
* UPGRADING
* INNOVATION
* CONTINUED
URBANIZATION
RURAL
RATIONALIZATION
* STIMULATE
CONSUMPTION
* FARM
ENLARGEMENT
ETC
EXPORTS
CONSUMER GOODS
CHEAP LABOUR
STAGE 3---JUST BEGINNING?
RETURN MIGRANT WORKERS
RETURN MIGRANT LABOR
A Returnee is someone who returns from “away” and stays at home for one growing season (approximately 6-8 months)
WHAT CAN RURAL MIGRANT WORKERS DO?
RECESSION
In the recession, many return migrants find work locally or regionally
This represents a change in the geographical pattern of worker migration
Strategy One: Infrastructure
Strategy Two: Rural Consumption
WHAT IS THE POTENTIAL OF RETURN MIGRANT WORKERS TO STIMULATE LOCAL
GROWTH?
• Savings
• More open (worldly)
• Ability to innovate
Nb. Most effort (so far) goes into farming.
Strategy Three:MICRO-CREDIT PROGRAMS
• These programs work but not on a loan basis.
• Micro programs need client support.
RURAL CHINA in REVIEW
RURAL WOMEN
RURAL MEN
ROLE RELATIONS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN?
RESOURCE RESEVOIRS(RESEVOIR THEORY)
RESEVOIR AVAILABLE WATER
RURAL CHINA
AVAILABLE LABOUR
THE MORE THINGS CHANGE THE MORE THEY STAY THE SAME.
The Rural Development Challenge
Rural Development
is a means to bring focus to the growth
of the rural economy for the betterment
of all rural society.
Rural Development
• R.D is NOT about sector development
(Not about agriculture, health, mining) ,but
about combining these sectors into a
coherent whole, though horizontal
integration of sectors.
Two Methods
• RURAL PROOFING of existing
development programs
• NEW Rural Development Programs
THREE OPPORTUNITIES
URBANISATION
ENERGY
FOOD
REGIONAL AND LOCAL SCALE
• PLACE-BASED POLICY
• DEVELOP OWN ASSETS
“SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL”
TWO LOCAL /REGIONAL APPROACHES
• SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS
• COMMUNITY FUTURES PROGRAM (REVOLVING LOANS)
is intentional, joins both macro and
micro together (both policies and
programs ), and is based on public
investments not subsidies and
supports.
Rural Development
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