Nasal Cavities
• Lined with mucous membrane
• Rich blood supply• Mucous traps
pathogens and dirt• Cilia• Olfactory sensors• Nasolacrimal ducts
• Hollow air-containing spaces• Cavities in skull around nasal area• Lined with mucous membrane• Provides resonance for the voice
• Nasopharynx– Contains pharyngeal
tonsils or adenoids and eustachian tube openings
• Oropharynx– Middle section behind
oral cavity– Palatine tonsils– Food and air
• Laryngopharynx– Bottom section– Branches into trachea
and esophagus
• Bronchi-two divisions of the trachea near the center of the chest
• Each enters a lung• Continues to divide into
smaller bronchi• Bronchioles• Alveoli• Erythrocytes• Lungs• Diaphragm
Ventilation
• Process of breathing• Respiration– Diaphragm– Intercostal muscles
• Two phases– Inspiration– Expiration
Respiration
• Inspiration + Expiration = Respiration• Controlled by respiratory center in the
medulla oblongata• Vital Sign– 12-20 breaths/min.– Chest rise and fall
Respiratory Suffixes
• -ema condition• -osmia smell• -pnea breathing• -ptysis spitting• -sphyxia pulse• -thorax chest, plural cavity
Disorders
• Asthma– Sensitivity to allergen
• Symptoms– Dyspnea & wheezing– Coughing– Tightness in chest
• Triggers• Treatment
Disorders• Chronic Bronchitis• Etiological factors
– Smoking– Infection
• Symptoms– Excessive mucous– Wheezing & dyspnea– Chest pain– Prolonged expiration of air
• Treatment– Antibiotics– Bronchodilators– Respiratory Therapy– No cure
Disorders
• COPD• Any chronic lung disease that results in
obstruction of the airways• Smoking is primary cause; allergies and
chronic respiration infections are also factors
Disorders
• Emphysema• Hyperinflation of air sacs• Walls of alveoli deteriorate and lose elasticity– CO2 is trapped– Poor exchange of gases
• Causes– Heavy smoking– Prolonged exposure to air pollutants
Disorders
• Epistaxis (nosebleed)• Occurs when capillaries become congested• Causes– Irritation of mucous membranes (allergies)– Trauma– Vitamin K deficiency– Clotting abnormalities– Hypertension– Dehydration
Disorders
• Laryngitis• Inflammation of larynx and vocal cords• Frequently occurs with other respiratory
infections• Symptoms– Hoarseness or loss of voice– Sore throat– Dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)
Disorders
• Pleurisy• Inflammation of pleura or membranes of the
lungs• Usually occurs with pneumonia or other
infections• Symptoms– Sharp stabbing pain while breathing– Capitation or grating sounds in lungs– Dyspnea and fever
Disorders
• Pneumonia• Inflammation and infection of the alveoli with a build up
of fluid or exudates• Usually caused by a bacteria, virus or chemicals• Symptoms
– Chills– Fever– Chest pain– Productive cough– Dyspnea– Fatigue
Disorders
• Tuberculosis• Infectious disease of the lung caused by the bacterium
Myobacterium tuberculosis• “TB”• WBC surround invading TB organisms, wall them off
creating a nodule “tubercle”– Organisms remain dormant– Can cause an active case later is the body’s resistance is lowered
• Symptoms– Fatigue, chest pain, fever, night sweats, wt. loss– Hemoptysis (coughing up blood-tinged sputum)
Top Related