Reforming French Protestantism
Sunshine Page i Friday, August 15, 2003 9:53 AM
Habent sua fata libelli
Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies Series
General EditorRaymond A. Mentzer
University of Iowa
Editorial Board of Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies
Elaine Beilin
Framingham State College
Miriam U. Chrisman
University of Massachusetts, Emerita
Barbara B. Diefendorf
Boston University
Paula Findlen
Stanford University
Scott H. Hendrix
Princeton Theological Seminary
Jane Campbell Hutchison
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Christiane Joost-Gaugier
University of New Mexico, Emerita
Ralph Keen
University of Iowa
Robert M. Kingdon
University of Wisconsin, Emeritus
Roger Manning
Cleveland State University, Emeritus
Mary B. McKinley
University of Virginia
Helen Nader
University of Arizona
Charles G. Nauert
University of Missouri, Emeritus
Theodore K. Rabb
Princeton University
Max Reinhart
University of Georgia
John D. Roth
Goshen College
Robert V. Schnucker
Truman State University, Emeritus
Nicholas Terpstra
University of Toronto
Merry Wiesner-Hanks
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Sunshine Page ii Friday, August 15, 2003 9:53 AM
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Sunshine, Glenn S., 1958–Reforming French protestantism : the development of Huguenot
ecclesiastical institutions, 1557–1572 / Glenn S. Sunshine.p. cm. — (Sixteenth century essays & studies ; v. 66)
Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-931112-28-2 (casebound : alk. paper)1. Eglises réformées de France—Government—History—16th century.
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∞
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This book is lovingly dedicated to my wife, Lynn, whose worth is more than rubies.
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Contents
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
The National Synods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Chapter 1 The Problem of the French Reformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2 The Nature of Early French Protestantism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 3 The National and Provincial Synods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter 4 Between the Province and the Local Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter 5 The French Reformed Diaconate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Chapter 6 The Consistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Chapter 7 Church Institutions and the Wider World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Chapter 8 French Reformed Polity: Local and National Influences . . . . . . . . 167
Selected Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
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ix
Abbreviations
ANS Acts of the National Synods, taken from MSS, are desig-nated by synod number, location, and year. E.g., ANS, 1–Paris–1559.
Auzière Provincial synods,
classes
, and colloquies of Bas Langue-doc. Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme français MS 566, vol. 1 (Auzière collection 68).
Articles polytiques
MS located in the Bibliothèque Publique de Grenoble; published in
Documents protestants inédits du XVIe siècle
(1872), and
Bulletin d’information de l’Eglise Réformée de France
18 (October 1956): 2–4. All references are to the 1872 edition.
Aymon
Tous les synodes nationaux des Eglises Reformées de France
(1710). Page numbers refer to vol. 1, second pagination.
BN Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
BSHPF Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme français
CO Ioannis Calvini Opera Quae Supersunt Omnia
. Edited by G. Baum, Ed. Cunitz and E. Reuss. Brunswick: Schwetzke & Sons, 1863–1900.
DE
Discipline ecclésiastique
, followed by date of issue.
Geneva BPU Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire, Geneva.
Histoire ecclésiastique Histoire ecclésiastique des Eglises Réformées au royaume de France.
Edited by G. Baum and Ed. Cunitz. Les Classiques du Protestantisme français XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, 2 vols. Paris: Fischbacher, 1883.
Le Mans “Papier et registre du Consistoire de l’eglise du Mans,” in
Recueil de pièces inédites pour servir à l’histoire de la Réforme et de la Ligue dans le Maine
. Le Mans: Monnoyer, 1867.
Abbrevs.fm Page ix Thursday, September 4, 2003 11:05 AM
Abbreviations
x •
Reforming French Protestantism
OS
Joannis Calvini Opera Selecta
. 5 vols. Edited by Petrus Barth and Guilelmus Niesel. Munich: Chr. Kaiser, 1928–36.
Pithou Nicholas Pithou,
L’Histoire ecclésiastique de l’Eglise réformée de la ville de Troyes
, taken from Bibliothèque de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme français, Paris, MS 440.
Quick
Synodicon in Gallia reformata
(1692). References include synod number, location, and date. Page numbers refer to vol. 1, second pagination.
Rb Bodleian Library, Oxford, Rawlinson MS D638; second series of acts of the national synods.
RCP
Registres de la Compagnie des Pasteurs de Genève au temps de Calvin
. Vol. 1: 1546–1553. Edited by R. M. Kingdon and J.-F. Bergier. Geneva: Droz, 1964.
Roussel, “Discipline” Text of DE 1559 reconstructed by Bernard Roussel in “La
Discipline
des Eglises réformées de France en 1559: Un royaume sans clergé?” in
De l’Humanisme aux Lumières, Bayle et le protestantisme
(1996).
RSV Revised Standard Version of the Bible.
Wa Bibliothèque Wallonne, The Hague, MS 2324; first copy of DE 1559.
Wb Bibliothèque Wallonne, The Hague, MS 2324; second copy of DE 1559.
Abbrevs.fm Page x Thursday, September 4, 2003 11:05 AM
xi
The National Synods
1. Paris 15592. Poitiers 15613. Orléans 15624. Lyon 15635. Paris 15656. Vertueil 15677. La Rochelle 15718. Nîmes 15729. St. Foy 1578
10. Figeac 157911. La Rochelle 158112. Vitré 158313. Montauban 159414. Saumur 159615. Montpellier 159816. Gergeau 160117. Gap 160318. La Rochelle 160719. St. Maixant 160920. Privas 161221. Tonneins 161422. Vitré 161723. Alais 162024. Charenton 162325. Castres 162626. Charenton 163127. Alençon 163728. Charenton 164529. Loudun 1660
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xiii
Acknowledgments
As I look back at the long process of producing this book from the initial researchfor my doctoral dissertation through revising and editing the manuscript, I amstruck by just how very many people and institutions gave me help, support, andencouragement along the way. Though I cannot possibly thank each individualwho contributed to the book, it would be the ultimate in ingratitude if I did notacknowledge the contributions of a number of those who made this work possible.
Pride of place must go to Robert M. Kingdon, doctoral advisor extraordi-naire, who shaped my scholarship in ways great and small. From his nearly leg-endary seminars, to tutorials in paleography, to obtaining project assistantshipsfor me so I could pay the bills, to ongoing support and encouragement after grad-uation, Professor Kingdon has been a tremendous inspiration and a real friend tome for the past eighteen years.
My initial research in Paris was made possible by a Fulbright-Hays grant,which enabled me to spend a year there collecting sources and doing basicresearch. While in Paris, I participated in a very valuable orientation programsponsored by Columbia University’s Graduate Research Institute at Reid Hall.The staff at Reid Hall and the Franco-American Commission for EducationalExchange also helped me to understand and work through the French bureau-cratic system, a rather intimidating prospect for an American. My thanks to all inboth programs.
The Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin provided me with anAlumni Research Grant, which enabled me to work on my dissertation full-time.I was also assisted at this time by the wonderful staff of the University of Wiscon-sin–Madison Memorial Library Rare Book Room. Upon completion of mydegree, I taught for two years at Calvin College and enjoyed a great deal of sup-port from my colleagues in the history department, especially Doug Howard andhis family, and from Richard Muller in the seminary. The staff at the H. HenryMeeter Center for Calvin Studies and the Hekman Library, especially Paul Field,
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Acknowledgements
xiv •
Reforming French Protestantism
have been remarkably helpful on more occasions than I can mention before, dur-ing, and after my stint at Calvin.
I have since received considerable support from Central Connecticut StateUniversity, which has enabled me to return to France twice for additionalresearch, courtesy of a number of CSU–AAUP Research Grants and additionalfunding provided by Karen Beyard, then vice president of academic affairs. Mycolleagues in the history department have without exception given me their sup-port and encouragement in the midst of the struggle to complete the book whileteaching a full course load. Heather Prescott—who put up with me while weshared an office for my first few years at Central—Jay Bergman, and Norton Mez-vinski have been particularly supportive of my work.
In Europe, I benefited from the assistance of a number of individuals. Thestaff at the Bibliothèque de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme français havebeen very helpful on many occasions over the last decade. Olivier Fatio and hisfamily extended their hospitality to my family so I could pursue research inGeneva. Michel Reulos was extraordinarily generous with his time and insightsinto the development of the Discipline. Above all else, however, I must hereacknowledge my profound debt to Bernard Roussel. Not only did he and his wifemake my family welcome in France, not only did he guide my work while in Parisand provide crucial assistance at many points along the way, but his work in pre-paring a critical edition of the
Acts of the National Synods
and of the various edi-tions of the Discipline and his invitation to contribute to the work in whateverways I could provided the linchpin for my entire analysis. His generosity in givingme access to his transcriptions and microfilms has more than anything elseenabled me to work out the details of the development of the Discipline and theinstitutional structures of the French Reformed Church. Of course, any inaccura-cies or errors in this book remain my own.
And last but far from least, there is my family: my mother, Adele Sunshine,and my father, Nathan Sunshine, who passed away just four months before thisbook made it into print; my mother-in-law, Kathleen Elsner, and my late father-in-law, Ed Elsner, who is sorely missed; my brother-in-law, David Elsner, who livedwith us during graduate school and who has supplied laughter, friendship, and teaover the years; my son, Brendan, who waited until the dissertation was completedto arrive; my daughter, Elizabeth, whose first year of life was spent in Paris andwho has been waiting to move back ever since; and especially my lovely wife, Lynn,who believed in me when I didn’t and without whose unending patience, love, andencouragement I would never have even entered graduate school, much less com-pleted this book. My most profound thanks and love to you all.
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Index
Glenn S. Sunshine • 185
Index
Affaire des Placards (1534), 15, 16Alliod (Aillod), Pierre (scribe), 125anticlericalism, in Morély’s program,
89–90Arnaud, E., 9, 24Articles polytiques (1557), 9, 24
and the church at Le Mans (1561), 102–6, 130
on church officers, 102–3, 111, 116, 118
congregational polity of, 39, 39ndevelopment of, 37–39and the Discipline, 40and 1558 Poitiers meeting, 25
astrology, 14, 19Auzière (pastor), 8Aymon, Jean, 6, 6n, 134
baptism, 28, 55Basel, 33–37Baum, G. (Histoire ecclésiastique), 2Beaumont, François de (baron), 59Bec-Crespin, Françoise du (noblewoman),
22Benedict, Philip, 18benefices, legislation of, 54–55Berne, 3–4, 33–37, 61–62, 123–25Bertheau, Solange, 139Beza, Theodore, 6, 27–29, 35, 83, 163bishops, 27–28, 27n–28n, 60, 172–73. See
also episcopos, episcopacy.books, vernacular, and Protestantism, 20Bossy, John, 19Briçonnet, Guillaume, 14, 15Brittany, 45–47, 110Bucer, Martin, 20, 60, 98, 101, 118, 121–
25, 167Bullinger, Heinrich, La Rochelle eucharis-
tic controversy, 163
Calvin, John, 3n, 20, 26–29, 60, 83, 98–99, 167
Calvinism, 3, 4–5, 19, 20–21, 167, 170catechism, 55, 102, 103–4, 108–19Catherine de Médicis, Edict of January
(1562), 144Catholic Church, 13–14censure, “fraternal,” 33, 34Chandieu, Antoine de la Roche, 3
and the Discipline, 25–26, 39–40dispute with Morély, 148exonerates Genevan pastors, 83influence of, 167La Confirmation de la Discipline
ecclésiastique…, 88moderator of Orléans, 87–88organizer of first national synod, 106
charity. See social welfare.Chassincourt, M. de, 161“Christian fellowships” of Bucer, 122,
122nchurch order. See under Discipline ecclési-
astique (Discipline).church-state relations, 36, 121, 148–58,
168, 171–72civil government, contrasted with synodi-
cal organization, 58classes. See under Pays de Vaud churches.Coligny, Gaspard de (admiral), at synod of
La Rochelle, 6Coligny. Odet de (Huguenot cardinal), 88colloquies. See also French Reformed
churches.compared to Morély’s bailliages, 85–86development and evolution of, 64–77,
79–82, 113informal, 68regulation of, 56, 66n–67n
Communion. See Lord’s Supper.Concordat of Bologna (1516), 14confessions
Gallican, 26–30, 40, 106–7, 170La Roche, 6
congregationalism, 21, 39–40, 64, 89–90, 147
consistories, 21, 60–61, 120–42. See also French Reformed churches.
and chambres mi-partie, 149nand church discipline, 43, 76, 85, 90,
132and church-state relations, 150and civil suits, 153–54
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Index
186 • Reforming French Protestantism
consistories, continueddecline of the diaconate, 138–42deputies to, 128–29in the Discipline, 130–38in France, 127–30Genevan, 85–86, 120Le Mans, 105models of, in Europe, 127–28in Nîmes synod (1572), 137overseen by colloquies, 73–74precedents for, 121–27roles and responsibilities
administrative tasks, 129ff.community discipline, 133morals control, 120–28, 132, 157–
58vis-à-vis magistrates, 149
Cop, Nicholas, 13nCorro, Antonio del (anti-Trinitarian), 162Council of Four Nobles, 45–47Council of Nicea (A.D. 325), on deacons,
96Council of Toledo (A.D. 633), on deacons,
96Council of Trent, protested by national
synods, 160Courvoisier, Jacques, 98Cramer, Frédéric Auguste, 125crimes, by church officers, 44, 65–66, 75–
76, 154Crouzet, Denis, 19Cunitz, Ed. (Histoire ecclésiastique), 2
d’Albret, Isabeau, 110d’Albret, Jeanne. see Jeanne d’Albret
(queen of Navarre).Dauphiné
adopts Viret’s church order, 80on the diaconate, 113–14La forme de dresser un consistoire, 113Protestant assemblies in, 59
Davis, Natalie Zemon, 17, 18deacons/diaconate, 95–97, 106–17
Bucer’s and Lasco’s views of, 123Calvin’s view of, 98–99, 116–17and consistories, 120–42 passimas diacres, 116discipline of, 132merged with elders, 138–42
models of“Catholic,” 97–101, 106–7, 112,
116–19, 168French Reformed, 101–2, 119Reformed, 97–101
non-Reformed roots of, 117–19as proposants (pastors-in-training),
110, 112, 113–16roles and responsibilities, 106–16
addressed at synod, 56administrative tasks of, 103in Articles polytiques, 102–6, 102n,
127as catechists, 55, 102, 103–4, 108–
19church register, 103in the Discipline, 39, 106–16in early church, 96–97in Genevan Ecclesiastical Ordi-
nances, 108liturgical, 96–100, 96n, 100n, 103,
108–19at Lord’s Supper, 100, 100nin refugee churches, 101
and synods, 42, 43, 47De la Tour, Henri, 161De Launay, Jean Le Maçon, 1Denis, Philippe, 84deputies, 4n2, 51–52n, 141, 55128–130Diefendorf, Barbara, 18, 19discipline, as understood by Bucer, 122Discipline ecclésiastique (Discipline)
analogous to civil government, 59, 65and Articles polytiques, 28autonomy, and collective government,
89–90church order, 43, 64–66and colloquies, 63–77and consistories, 130–38contrasted with Breton noble council,
46–47on deacons/diaconate, 106–17, 133–34defended by Chandieu, 88distinguished from Confession, 30ecclesiastical structure (illus.), 91–93as elitist document, 90morals control, 29origins and development of, 24–26, 29,
40–45, 57–62, 65–68on pastoral discipline, 65–66
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Index
Glenn S. Sunshine • 187
Discipline ecclésiastique, continuedprovincial synods defined, 43–44, 65ratified by provincial synods, 53n, 74rules for modification of, 57and senat, 131–34use of, in historiography, 4, 4n, 5, 6, 89versions of, 6–8, 6n, 47–49, 70–73, 131
Discipline of Saint-Lô, 130, 133n, 137, 149doctors, as ministers of the Word, 27–28,
42drama, 54, 73droit de corps law, and Reformed churches,
150–52, 154, 156Du Fossé, M. (pastor), 45, 45n, 46, 110Du Gravier (pastor), 110
ecclesiastical governments, functions of, 58–59
ecclesiastical institutionalization, 5, 5nEdict of January (1562), 144, 144n, 147,
154Edict of Pacification, 147Eglises Réformées de France. See French
Reformed churches.elders (“overseers”), 27, 27n, 39
Bucer’s and Lasco’s views of, 123discipline of, 132equality of, 60, 102, 102non Genevan Consistory, 125merged with deacons, 138–42and national synods, 42, 43and provincial synods, 3roles and responsibilities, 106–16
in Articles polytiques (1557), 102–6, 102n
in Bucer’s Strasbourg, 121n, 122in consistories, 132in Discipline ecclésiastique, 102–6,
102nat Le Mans, 130liturgical, 118at Lord’s Supper, 100n
English refugee churches, 36, 123episcopos, episcopacy. See also bishops.
and Bernese churches, 35Morély’s view of, as local church, 85and polity, 27n, 28–29, 35–36, 62
Erasmus, Disiderius, 13Eucharistic theology, as sociopolitical met-
aphor, 15–16
excommunication, 43, 120n, 124–25, 127, 133
families, marrying outside the faith, 54Farel, Guillaume, 15, 78Febvre, Lucien, 17Francis I (king, 1515–47), 14French Parlement, persecution of heresy,
13–14French Reformed churches. See also Prot-
estantism; Reformed churches; synods.
autonomy and equality of, 9–10, 23, 28–30, 37–48 passim, 61, 70, 89–90
church officers (See deacons/diaconate; elders (“overseers”); ministers of the Word)
collective nature of, 90–93early development of, 3–5, 25, 57–64,
90government of (See colloquies; consis-
tories; synods)institutional influences, 167–73international relations, 162–64liaison with royal court, 158–62local and noble models of, 46–47and the nobility, 144–48
funeral ceremonies regulated, 54
Gallars, Nicholas des, 161, 163Gallican Confession/Gallicanism, 14–15,
57–58development of, 26–30on the diaconate, 106–7and the Discipline, 30, 40, 170episcopal nature of, 60rejected by French Protestants, 59–60,
60n, 89–90Ganoczy, Alexandre, 28Garrison, Janine, 22, 128n, 138, 153Genevan Consistory, 125–27, 172Genevan Reformed churches
church order, 123Company of Pastors, 85, 106, 167consistorial organization of, 60–61, 85,
108the diaconate, 99–100, 108Ecclesiastical Ordinances, (1541), 108
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188 • Reforming French Protestantism
Genevan Reformed churches, continuedGeneral Hospital, and social welfare,
99influence of, 3, 10, 109, 162n, 167missionary training, 20–21as religious refugee center, 20secret trial of Morély, 83
Hauser, Henri, 17, 21Heller, Henry, 17Henri de Bourdon (Prince de Condé), at
synod of La Rochelle, 6Henri de Navarre (Henri IV), at synod of
La Rochelle, 6heresy, 13–16, 44, 45Higman, Francis, 20Histoire ecclésiastique des Eglises Réformées
au royaume de France, 1–3historiography/historical research
of ecclesiastical institutionalization, 4, 4n, 5–11, 5n–11n, 89
of French Protestantism, 16–18influence of Histoire ecclésiastique, 1–3resources
acts of national synods, 8–9, 56Bodleian Library Rawlinson MS
D638, 8church minutes, 105minutes of synods, etc., 8–9provincial church orders, 9–10
sociogeographical interpretations, 17house churches. See under Protestantism.Huguenots. See also nobility; Protestant-
ism.church-state relations, 149–58distinguished from French Reformed
churches, 31, 138, 144–48Edict of January (1562), 144, 154Edict of Pacification, 147emergence of Huguenot Party (1562),
31institutional influences on, 167–73morals control, 157–58nonclerical leadership, 128, 128n
humanism, 3, 5, 15
idolatry (the Mass), 55, 76itinerant preachers, 68, 76, 77
Jeanne d’Albret (queen of Navarre), 22, 78, 88
at synod of La Rochelle, 6judges, notaries, regulated by synods, 56
Kingdon, Robert M., 21n, 83, 85Registres de Consistoire de Genève, 125–
26, 126nkinship networks, 22–23Kirchenpfleger, of Bucer, in Strasbourg,
121–22Knecht, R. J., 22
Labrousse, Elisabeth, 139Lambert, Thomas A., 126nLanguedoc Protestants, 58n, 59, 141, 152,
155La Place, Pierre (Commentaires de L’Estate
de la religion), 7La Roche Confession, 6Lasco, John à (Jan Laski), 20, 36, 100, 123Laval, Charlotte de (wife of Coligny), 22lay preachers, 110, 112Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques (humanist
reformer), 13, 15Le Maçon de Launay, Jean. See De Launay,
Jean Le Maçon.Le Mans church
and Articles polytiques (1557), 104–5, 129–30
officers of, 110, 110n, 114, 129–30, 135n
Le Noir, Philippe, 68, 110Léonard, Emile, 2–3Libertines, 170literacy, and Protestantism, 18liturgy, liturgical duties
confession of sin, 56development of Reformed, 118as diaconal function, 96–96n, 99–100,
103, 108, 110, 117as elder function, 110regulations for, 55n, 56
Longwy, Jacqueline de (duchess), 22Lord’s Supper. See also sacraments; tran-
substantiation.celebration of, 28, 42regulated, 55, 108–9, 145–46, 146nrole of deacons, 100Zwinglian view, 15
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Index
Glenn S. Sunshine • 189
Louise of Savoy (mother of Francis I), 14Louis of Nassau (count), at synod of La
Rochelle, 6Lutheranism, 15
magistrates, church-state relationships, 149–58
Mailly, Madeleine de (countess), 22Marcourt, Antoine (Protestant pastor), 15Marguerite of Angoulême (sister of Fran-
cis I), 15, 22marriage and divorce
blessing of, by ministers, 113Chorgericht regulation of, 124outside of the faith, 54Reformed mediation in, 153nregulation of, 56, 124, 133, 156–57by widows, 56
McDonald, Wallace, 126nMeaux, Protestant church in, 3Merlin, Pierre (missionary pastor), 10,
105, 106, 129on the diaconate, 114, 135ninfluenced Huguenots, 167
ministers of the Wordas “bishops,” 28, 172compensation disputes, 72n, 74–75,
74n–75ndiscipline of, 64–68, 132doctors, 27–28, 42“domestic pastors” of house churches,
146, 147election of, 131–32examination of, 71in Genevan Ecclesiastical Ordinances
(1541), 108geographical boundaries of, 73Lasco’s “order” of, 123Morély’s view of, 85and national synods, 42, 47, 51nomination of, 70Oecolampadius’s view of, 120noversight of, 44, 63–70, 66n–67n, 70,
74–77, 81, 121–22, 132, 151as pastors, 2, 27, 28, 39, 60and provincial synods, 43roles and responsibilities
blessing marriages, 113in Breton noble council model, 46
in Bucer’s Strasbourg, 121–22, 121n
consistory members, 132liturgical, 117sacramental, 28, 113
“vagrants,” 76–77moderatorship, limited, 40–42, 42n, 60–
62, 167Monter, William, 16Montmorency, Louise de, 22morals control
and church discipline, 21in Discipline of Saint-Lô, 149enforcement of, 120–28, 132, 157–58and Genevan Consistory, 125–27, 126n
Morel, François, 26, 27, 106Morély, Jean
anticlericalism of, 90biography of, 82–83condemned and excommunicated, 87–
88congregationalist views of, 84–87, 147–
48dispute with Bernese churches, 83Traicté de la Discipline et Police ecclési-
astique, 67, 78, 82–90Mours, Samuel, 2
Navarre, and French Reformed, 162Nicholls, David, 17, 18Nicodemites, 170nobility
conversion of, 21–23and patronage networks, 22–23, 31relationship to French Reformed
Church, 31, 45–46, 136, 144–48, 170–71
synod of La Rochelle (1571), 147–48
Oecolampadius, John, Oratio de reducenda excommunicatione (1530), 120n
Olson, Jeannine, 99
Pannier, Jacques, 139pastors. See ministers of the Word.patronage networks, 22–23, 31Pays de Vaud
classes, 35, 71, 79–82, 155, 167conflict with Bernese churches, 35–36ecclesiastical courts, 123–25
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190 • Reforming French Protestantism
Pays de Vaud, continuedinfluence of, 3–4, 80, 106, 167–68synods in, 33
persecution. See under Protestantism.Poinsson (pastor at Le Mans), 105Poitiers, early “synods” in, 24poor relief. See social welfare.Potter, David, 18Poullain, Valerand, 100prayer services, regulated, 55–56presbyters. See deacons/diaconate; elders
(“overseers”); ministers of the Word.
printing, regulated by provincial synods, 65
Protestantism. See also French Reformed churches; Huguenots.
and Articles Polytiques (1557), 24, 37–39
autonomy, and collective government, 46, 61, 63–77, 85–90, 154
church leadership models, 20–21, 46–47, 127–28
consistories, 127–30deacons/diaconate, 101–2development and growth of, 1–2, 5,
12–24and the Discipline, 24droit des corps rights, 150as heretics, 13–14house churches, 31, 110–11, 144–45,
148humanistic focus, 3influences on, 1–5, 57–62and literacy, 18Morély’s Treatise on Church Discipline
and Polity, 82–90nobility and patronage networks, 22–
23, 31, 144persecution of, 13–16, 26, 26n, 105political assemblies and synods con-
trasted, 59polity of, in Europe, 35–36, 123–25sectarianism, 90shift to Reformed theology, 20, 63–64socioeconomic explanations for, 16–
18, 22–23sociogeographical explanations for, 17unification of, 24–31
varieties of, 12–13Wars of Religion, 48, 48n, 144
provincial synods. See under synods.public prayers regulated, 55n
Quick, John, 6, 134
Ramus, Pierre, 88, 163Reformed churches. See also French
Reformed churches.the diaconate in, 97–101ecclesiastical structures, 36–37
refugee churches, role of deacons, 100Refugee Church of London, 123religious identity, and community cohe-
siveness, 19Rennes church (Brittany), 45–46Reulos, Michel, 4, 4n, 150nRott, Jean, 83–84Roussel, Bernard, 4, 7, 8, 8n, 29, 42n
on consistories, 128n, 130–31, 130n
sacramentarianism, 15Saint-Lô church, Discipline of, 130, 133n,
137, 149Salvart (pastor at Le Mans), 105Saubonne, Michelle de, 22Saulzet, M. de (magistrate), 155Schickler, F. de, 101Seninghen, Françoise (noblewoman), 22social welfare
in Geneva, 99–100ministry of deacons and elders, 96,
102–3, 102n, 107, 139songs, 56Strasbourg
and Bucer’s ecclesiology, 121–25influence of, 3, 3n, 20, 24, 120, 167synods of, 32–33
superstition, opposed by Calvinists, 19synods
Articles polytiques on, 38–39banned by Edict of Pacification, 147,
154European, 33–37, 121influence of polity, 172–73polity and structure, 9, 24, 27–29, 40–
42, 164–71church representation, 42, 49
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Index
Glenn S. Sunshine • 191
synods, continuedcompared/ contrasted with civil
and ecclesiastical govern-ments, 57–58
counterproposal to, 45–47development of, 47–53episcopal, 60, 63–77, 171–72interaction of national and provin-
cial, 53–57, 60–62legislative process for, 53–57local and national influences, 167meeting frequency, 48n, 49moderatorship limited, 40–42, 42n,
60presbyterial, 11, 43, 168subdivisions of, 33–35systematic regulation of, 50–51
reception of Dutch churches, 52nrepresentation system changed, 48.49roles and responsibilities (national)
agenda setting, 57appeals system, 52–53censorship, 65conflict mediation, 51ndecision making process, 55–56officers, 27–28regulation of “vagrant” pastors, 77representation at royal courts, 158–
62as secret political synods, 45–46
roles and responsibilities (provincial), 43–45, 51, 64–67
agenda gatekeepers, 57authority of, 47–53, 64–65Bas Languedoc, 54conflict mediation, 51, 51n, 64, 66–
67decision making, 55–57to national synods, 47, 51oversight of pastors, 70–71, 76representation at royal courts, 159,
159n–160nvoting rights at, 42n, 52n
synods (French national), 90–93. See also French Reformed churches; syn-ods.
Figeac (1579), 53“assessors” appointed, 42nprovinces as mediators, 51n
Gergeau (1601), Lord’s Supper, 109
La Rochelle (1571)anti-Trinitarianism in Poland and
Transylvania, 162classes suppressed, 82colloquies, 71–72condemns Morély, 88consistories, 137on deposed ministers, 77on judges and notaries, 56on ministerial compensation dis-
putes, 74–75, 74n–75nministerial oversight, 64protests against, 53non provincial synods, 51, 51nrepresentation at royal courts, 161as “Synod of Princes,” 6, 147
La Rochelle (1581)church/province representation,
48nprovincial synods, 51nrelations with provincial synods, 53revises language about, 54
Lyon (1563)on church councils, 135–36on church-state relations, 151–55classes/colloquies mentioned, 81,
151on the diaconate, 115grounds for deposition of minis-
ters, 76on Lord’s Supper policy/prece-
dence, 108–9, 145–46, 146n
on magistrates at consistories, 150–51
mediation of church-pastor dis-putes, 74–75m76, 74n–75n
on ministerial placement, 155prayer services (postponed), 55protests Council of Trent, 135–36provincial boundaries, 49representation at royal courts,
160.161sumptuary laws, 146n
Montauban (1594)provincial review of decisions, 53n,
56provincial synods, 51nrejects alliance with Gallicans, 60n
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Index
192 •
Reforming French Protestantism
synods (French national),
continued
Montauban (1594),
continued
“visitors” appointed, 81Montpellier (1598), provincial review
of decisions, 57Nîmes (1572)
bans drama based on Scripture, 54colloquies, 64, 73condemns Morély, 88eliminates the term
senat,
130, 137on eucharistic controversy, 163expenses of deputies, 51on Morély, 163representation at royal courts, 161review of Corro’s books, 162–63on tavern businesses, 157
Orléans (1562)condemns Morély, 87–90on the diaconate, 114–15ecclesiastical provinces, 67–68funeral prayers at graves banned,
54laws of consanguinity and affinity,
160ministerial/congregational over-
sight, 64noble/house churches and consis-
tories, 144–45pastoral discipline/church govern-
ments, 67–68provincial representation, 48, 49representation at royal courts, 159–
60on Viret’s church order, 79–82, 89visitations stricken from Viret’s
church order, 61, 81m83Paris (1559)
on the diaconate, 16–107postponement precedent, 55
Paris (1565)bans prayer services, 55censure for hosting priests, etc.,
146church/province representation,
48ncondemns Morély, 88on the diaconate, 116on elders’ malfeasance, 139formalizes regulations, 50house churches/pastors, 146
legitimizes colloquies, 70pay disputes, 74–75, 74n–75nprovincial synods, 49
Poitiers (1557 and 1558), 24Poitiers (1561), 42n
baptism of Catholic children, 55date of, 47non the diaconate, 107, 108, 112,
114, 116, 118, 132non elders’ malfeasance, 139formalizes synod composition, 47–
48modifies the Discipline, 53nprotest against Council of Trent,
160provincial synods; schismatics, 44nrejects multiple consistories, 134Rennes and Vitré represented, 45nrepresentation at royal courts, 159,
161“vagrants” addressed, 76
St. Foy (1578)appeals, 52nexpenses of deputies, 51, 51nroyal representative at synod, 1671
Vertueil (1567)on church councils, 136, 136n
classes/
colloquies mentioned, 81colloquies, 71on marital mediation, 153nprovincial synods, 50“vagrants” problem addressed, 76–
77Vitré (1583)
provincial synod deputies, 42n, 52n, 55
representation at royal court, 161synods (French provincial).
See also
French Reformed churches; syn-ods.
Anduze (1595), ratifies the Discipline, 53n
Blain (1500), informal, 68Brittany (1561),
police
document, 79nDauphiné (1560s), on the diaconate,
109, 112Dye(1561)
on the diaconate, 109ratifies the Discipline, 53n
geographical boundaries, 49–51
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Index
Glenn S. Sunshine • 193
synods (French provincial),
continued
Lyon (1561)on the diaconate, 109, 112ratifies the Discipline, 53nn
Montélimar(1562), on the diaconate, 109–10, 113
Montelymard(1562), ratifies the Disci-pline, 53n
Montpellier (1578), decline of the diaconate, 140
Montpellier (1581), comments/pro-tests re national synod, 53
Nîmes(1562)Edict of January, 144nViret’s church order, 79–82
Nîmes (1571)
classes
abolished, 82, 82nratifies the Discipline, 53n
Nîmes (1580), decline of the diaconate, 140
Nîmes (1590), decline of the diaconate, 140
Ploérmel(1562), ratifies the Disci-pline, 53n
Rennes (1560), informal, 45–46, 116Rouen (1563), on the diaconate, 115–
16
temporalities.
See
benefices.transubstantiation.
See also
Eucharistic theology; Lord’s Supper.
attacked by Marcourt, 15
Valence, Protestant assemblies in, 9Vaudois.
See
Pays de Vaud.violence, and religious worldview, 19Viret, Pierre (Vaudois minister), 9
and Bas Languedoc church order, 67, 111, 141
on excommunication, 124–25exile of, 78influence of, on the Discipline, 33,
167–68moderator of Lyon synod (1563), 49,
78Nîmes (1562) church order, and collo-
quies, 79–81, 79nand Orléans synod (1561/2), 78–90protests Berne synod, 35
visitationsin Berne, 34not practiced, 61, 81, 93
Wars of Religion, and national synod, 48, 48n, 144
Watt, Isabella M., 126nWatt, Jeffrey R., 126nWeber, Max, 17widows, 56women, and patronage networks, 22–23
Zurich churches, synods of, 33
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