Reforming French Protestantism

Reforming French Protestantism

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Habent sua fata libelli

Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies Series

General EditorRaymond A. Mentzer

University of Iowa

Editorial Board of Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies

Elaine Beilin

Framingham State College

Miriam U. Chrisman

University of Massachusetts, Emerita

Barbara B. Diefendorf

Boston University

Paula Findlen

Stanford University

Scott H. Hendrix

Princeton Theological Seminary

Jane Campbell Hutchison

University of Wisconsin–Madison

Christiane Joost-Gaugier

University of New Mexico, Emerita

Ralph Keen

University of Iowa

Robert M. Kingdon

University of Wisconsin, Emeritus

Roger Manning

Cleveland State University, Emeritus

Mary B. McKinley

University of Virginia

Helen Nader

University of Arizona

Charles G. Nauert

University of Missouri, Emeritus

Theodore K. Rabb

Princeton University

Max Reinhart

University of Georgia

John D. Roth

Goshen College

Robert V. Schnucker

Truman State University, Emeritus

Nicholas Terpstra

University of Toronto

Merry Wiesner-Hanks

University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

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Copyright © 2003 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri, U.S.A.http://tsup.truman.eduAll rights reserved.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sunshine, Glenn S., 1958–Reforming French protestantism : the development of Huguenot

ecclesiastical institutions, 1557–1572 / Glenn S. Sunshine.p. cm. — (Sixteenth century essays & studies ; v. 66)

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-931112-28-2 (casebound : alk. paper)1. Eglises réformées de France—Government—History—16th century.

2. France—Church history—16th century. I. Title. II. Series.BX9454.3 .S86 2003284'.5'09031—dc21 2003001141

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any meanswithout written permission from the publisher.

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∞

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This book is lovingly dedicated to my wife, Lynn, whose worth is more than rubies.

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Contents

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

The National Synods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

Chapter 1 The Problem of the French Reformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2 The Nature of Early French Protestantism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Chapter 3 The National and Provincial Synods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Chapter 4 Between the Province and the Local Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Chapter 5 The French Reformed Diaconate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Chapter 6 The Consistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Chapter 7 Church Institutions and the Wider World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Chapter 8 French Reformed Polity: Local and National Influences . . . . . . . . 167

Selected Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

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ix

Abbreviations

ANS Acts of the National Synods, taken from MSS, are desig-nated by synod number, location, and year. E.g., ANS, 1–Paris–1559.

Auzière Provincial synods,

classes

, and colloquies of Bas Langue-doc. Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme français MS 566, vol. 1 (Auzière collection 68).

Articles polytiques

MS located in the Bibliothèque Publique de Grenoble; published in

Documents protestants inédits du XVIe siècle

(1872), and

Bulletin d’information de l’Eglise Réformée de France

18 (October 1956): 2–4. All references are to the 1872 edition.

Aymon

Tous les synodes nationaux des Eglises Reformées de France

(1710). Page numbers refer to vol. 1, second pagination.

BN Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

BSHPF Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme français

CO Ioannis Calvini Opera Quae Supersunt Omnia

. Edited by G. Baum, Ed. Cunitz and E. Reuss. Brunswick: Schwetzke & Sons, 1863–1900.

DE

Discipline ecclésiastique

, followed by date of issue.

Geneva BPU Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire, Geneva.

Histoire ecclésiastique Histoire ecclésiastique des Eglises Réformées au royaume de France.

Edited by G. Baum and Ed. Cunitz. Les Classiques du Protestantisme français XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, 2 vols. Paris: Fischbacher, 1883.

Le Mans “Papier et registre du Consistoire de l’eglise du Mans,” in

Recueil de pièces inédites pour servir à l’histoire de la Réforme et de la Ligue dans le Maine

. Le Mans: Monnoyer, 1867.

Abbrevs.fm Page ix Thursday, September 4, 2003 11:05 AM

Abbreviations

x •


OS

Joannis Calvini Opera Selecta

. 5 vols. Edited by Petrus Barth and Guilelmus Niesel. Munich: Chr. Kaiser, 1928–36.

Pithou Nicholas Pithou,

L’Histoire ecclésiastique de l’Eglise réformée de la ville de Troyes

, taken from Bibliothèque de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme français, Paris, MS 440.

Quick

Synodicon in Gallia reformata

(1692). References include synod number, location, and date. Page numbers refer to vol. 1, second pagination.

Rb Bodleian Library, Oxford, Rawlinson MS D638; second series of acts of the national synods.

RCP

Registres de la Compagnie des Pasteurs de Genève au temps de Calvin

. Vol. 1: 1546–1553. Edited by R. M. Kingdon and J.-F. Bergier. Geneva: Droz, 1964.

Roussel, “Discipline” Text of DE 1559 reconstructed by Bernard Roussel in “La

Discipline

des Eglises réformées de France en 1559: Un royaume sans clergé?” in

De l’Humanisme aux Lumières, Bayle et le protestantisme

(1996).

RSV Revised Standard Version of the Bible.

Wa Bibliothèque Wallonne, The Hague, MS 2324; first copy of DE 1559.

Wb Bibliothèque Wallonne, The Hague, MS 2324; second copy of DE 1559.

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xi

The National Synods

1. Paris 15592. Poitiers 15613. Orléans 15624. Lyon 15635. Paris 15656. Vertueil 15677. La Rochelle 15718. Nîmes 15729. St. Foy 1578

10. Figeac 157911. La Rochelle 158112. Vitré 158313. Montauban 159414. Saumur 159615. Montpellier 159816. Gergeau 160117. Gap 160318. La Rochelle 160719. St. Maixant 160920. Privas 161221. Tonneins 161422. Vitré 161723. Alais 162024. Charenton 162325. Castres 162626. Charenton 163127. Alençon 163728. Charenton 164529. Loudun 1660

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xiii

Acknowledgments

As I look back at the long process of producing this book from the initial researchfor my doctoral dissertation through revising and editing the manuscript, I amstruck by just how very many people and institutions gave me help, support, andencouragement along the way. Though I cannot possibly thank each individualwho contributed to the book, it would be the ultimate in ingratitude if I did notacknowledge the contributions of a number of those who made this work possible.

Pride of place must go to Robert M. Kingdon, doctoral advisor extraordi-naire, who shaped my scholarship in ways great and small. From his nearly leg-endary seminars, to tutorials in paleography, to obtaining project assistantshipsfor me so I could pay the bills, to ongoing support and encouragement after grad-uation, Professor Kingdon has been a tremendous inspiration and a real friend tome for the past eighteen years.

My initial research in Paris was made possible by a Fulbright-Hays grant,which enabled me to spend a year there collecting sources and doing basicresearch. While in Paris, I participated in a very valuable orientation programsponsored by Columbia University’s Graduate Research Institute at Reid Hall.The staff at Reid Hall and the Franco-American Commission for EducationalExchange also helped me to understand and work through the French bureau-cratic system, a rather intimidating prospect for an American. My thanks to all inboth programs.

The Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin provided me with anAlumni Research Grant, which enabled me to work on my dissertation full-time.I was also assisted at this time by the wonderful staff of the University of Wiscon-sin–Madison Memorial Library Rare Book Room. Upon completion of mydegree, I taught for two years at Calvin College and enjoyed a great deal of sup-port from my colleagues in the history department, especially Doug Howard andhis family, and from Richard Muller in the seminary. The staff at the H. HenryMeeter Center for Calvin Studies and the Hekman Library, especially Paul Field,

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Acknowledgements

xiv •


have been remarkably helpful on more occasions than I can mention before, dur-ing, and after my stint at Calvin.

I have since received considerable support from Central Connecticut StateUniversity, which has enabled me to return to France twice for additionalresearch, courtesy of a number of CSU–AAUP Research Grants and additionalfunding provided by Karen Beyard, then vice president of academic affairs. Mycolleagues in the history department have without exception given me their sup-port and encouragement in the midst of the struggle to complete the book whileteaching a full course load. Heather Prescott—who put up with me while weshared an office for my first few years at Central—Jay Bergman, and Norton Mez-vinski have been particularly supportive of my work.

In Europe, I benefited from the assistance of a number of individuals. Thestaff at the Bibliothèque de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme français havebeen very helpful on many occasions over the last decade. Olivier Fatio and hisfamily extended their hospitality to my family so I could pursue research inGeneva. Michel Reulos was extraordinarily generous with his time and insightsinto the development of the Discipline. Above all else, however, I must hereacknowledge my profound debt to Bernard Roussel. Not only did he and his wifemake my family welcome in France, not only did he guide my work while in Parisand provide crucial assistance at many points along the way, but his work in pre-paring a critical edition of the

Acts of the National Synods

and of the various edi-tions of the Discipline and his invitation to contribute to the work in whateverways I could provided the linchpin for my entire analysis. His generosity in givingme access to his transcriptions and microfilms has more than anything elseenabled me to work out the details of the development of the Discipline and theinstitutional structures of the French Reformed Church. Of course, any inaccura-cies or errors in this book remain my own.

And last but far from least, there is my family: my mother, Adele Sunshine,and my father, Nathan Sunshine, who passed away just four months before thisbook made it into print; my mother-in-law, Kathleen Elsner, and my late father-in-law, Ed Elsner, who is sorely missed; my brother-in-law, David Elsner, who livedwith us during graduate school and who has supplied laughter, friendship, and teaover the years; my son, Brendan, who waited until the dissertation was completedto arrive; my daughter, Elizabeth, whose first year of life was spent in Paris andwho has been waiting to move back ever since; and especially my lovely wife, Lynn,who believed in me when I didn’t and without whose unending patience, love, andencouragement I would never have even entered graduate school, much less com-pleted this book. My most profound thanks and love to you all.

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Index

Glenn S. Sunshine • 185

Index

Affaire des Placards (1534), 15, 16Alliod (Aillod), Pierre (scribe), 125anticlericalism, in Morély’s program,

89–90Arnaud, E., 9, 24Articles polytiques (1557), 9, 24

and the church at Le Mans (1561), 102–6, 130

on church officers, 102–3, 111, 116, 118

congregational polity of, 39, 39ndevelopment of, 37–39and the Discipline, 40and 1558 Poitiers meeting, 25

astrology, 14, 19Auzière (pastor), 8Aymon, Jean, 6, 6n, 134

baptism, 28, 55Basel, 33–37Baum, G. (Histoire ecclésiastique), 2Beaumont, François de (baron), 59Bec-Crespin, Françoise du (noblewoman),

22Benedict, Philip, 18benefices, legislation of, 54–55Berne, 3–4, 33–37, 61–62, 123–25Bertheau, Solange, 139Beza, Theodore, 6, 27–29, 35, 83, 163bishops, 27–28, 27n–28n, 60, 172–73. See

also episcopos, episcopacy.books, vernacular, and Protestantism, 20Bossy, John, 19Briçonnet, Guillaume, 14, 15Brittany, 45–47, 110Bucer, Martin, 20, 60, 98, 101, 118, 121–

25, 167Bullinger, Heinrich, La Rochelle eucharis-

tic controversy, 163

Calvin, John, 3n, 20, 26–29, 60, 83, 98–99, 167

Calvinism, 3, 4–5, 19, 20–21, 167, 170catechism, 55, 102, 103–4, 108–19Catherine de Médicis, Edict of January

(1562), 144Catholic Church, 13–14censure, “fraternal,” 33, 34Chandieu, Antoine de la Roche, 3

and the Discipline, 25–26, 39–40dispute with Morély, 148exonerates Genevan pastors, 83influence of, 167La Confirmation de la Discipline

ecclésiastique…, 88moderator of Orléans, 87–88organizer of first national synod, 106

charity. See social welfare.Chassincourt, M. de, 161“Christian fellowships” of Bucer, 122,

122nchurch order. See under Discipline ecclési-

astique (Discipline).church-state relations, 36, 121, 148–58,

168, 171–72civil government, contrasted with synodi-

cal organization, 58classes. See under Pays de Vaud churches.Coligny, Gaspard de (admiral), at synod of

La Rochelle, 6Coligny. Odet de (Huguenot cardinal), 88colloquies. See also French Reformed

churches.compared to Morély’s bailliages, 85–86development and evolution of, 64–77,

79–82, 113informal, 68regulation of, 56, 66n–67n

Communion. See Lord’s Supper.Concordat of Bologna (1516), 14confessions

Gallican, 26–30, 40, 106–7, 170La Roche, 6

congregationalism, 21, 39–40, 64, 89–90, 147

consistories, 21, 60–61, 120–42. See also French Reformed churches.

and chambres mi-partie, 149nand church discipline, 43, 76, 85, 90,

132and church-state relations, 150and civil suits, 153–54

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Index

186 • Reforming French Protestantism

consistories, continueddecline of the diaconate, 138–42deputies to, 128–29in the Discipline, 130–38in France, 127–30Genevan, 85–86, 120Le Mans, 105models of, in Europe, 127–28in Nîmes synod (1572), 137overseen by colloquies, 73–74precedents for, 121–27roles and responsibilities

administrative tasks, 129ff.community discipline, 133morals control, 120–28, 132, 157–

58vis-à-vis magistrates, 149

Cop, Nicholas, 13nCorro, Antonio del (anti-Trinitarian), 162Council of Four Nobles, 45–47Council of Nicea (A.D. 325), on deacons,

96Council of Toledo (A.D. 633), on deacons,

96Council of Trent, protested by national

synods, 160Courvoisier, Jacques, 98Cramer, Frédéric Auguste, 125crimes, by church officers, 44, 65–66, 75–

76, 154Crouzet, Denis, 19Cunitz, Ed. (Histoire ecclésiastique), 2

d’Albret, Isabeau, 110d’Albret, Jeanne. see Jeanne d’Albret

(queen of Navarre).Dauphiné

adopts Viret’s church order, 80on the diaconate, 113–14La forme de dresser un consistoire, 113Protestant assemblies in, 59

Davis, Natalie Zemon, 17, 18deacons/diaconate, 95–97, 106–17

Bucer’s and Lasco’s views of, 123Calvin’s view of, 98–99, 116–17and consistories, 120–42 passimas diacres, 116discipline of, 132merged with elders, 138–42

models of“Catholic,” 97–101, 106–7, 112,

116–19, 168French Reformed, 101–2, 119Reformed, 97–101

non-Reformed roots of, 117–19as proposants (pastors-in-training),

110, 112, 113–16roles and responsibilities, 106–16

addressed at synod, 56administrative tasks of, 103in Articles polytiques, 102–6, 102n,

127as catechists, 55, 102, 103–4, 108–

19church register, 103in the Discipline, 39, 106–16in early church, 96–97in Genevan Ecclesiastical Ordi-

nances, 108liturgical, 96–100, 96n, 100n, 103,

108–19at Lord’s Supper, 100, 100nin refugee churches, 101

and synods, 42, 43, 47De la Tour, Henri, 161De Launay, Jean Le Maçon, 1Denis, Philippe, 84deputies, 4n2, 51–52n, 141, 55128–130Diefendorf, Barbara, 18, 19discipline, as understood by Bucer, 122Discipline ecclésiastique (Discipline)

analogous to civil government, 59, 65and Articles polytiques, 28autonomy, and collective government,

89–90church order, 43, 64–66and colloquies, 63–77and consistories, 130–38contrasted with Breton noble council,

46–47on deacons/diaconate, 106–17, 133–34defended by Chandieu, 88distinguished from Confession, 30ecclesiastical structure (illus.), 91–93as elitist document, 90morals control, 29origins and development of, 24–26, 29,

40–45, 57–62, 65–68on pastoral discipline, 65–66


Index


Discipline ecclésiastique, continuedprovincial synods defined, 43–44, 65ratified by provincial synods, 53n, 74rules for modification of, 57and senat, 131–34use of, in historiography, 4, 4n, 5, 6, 89versions of, 6–8, 6n, 47–49, 70–73, 131

Discipline of Saint-Lô, 130, 133n, 137, 149doctors, as ministers of the Word, 27–28,

42drama, 54, 73droit de corps law, and Reformed churches,

150–52, 154, 156Du Fossé, M. (pastor), 45, 45n, 46, 110Du Gravier (pastor), 110

ecclesiastical governments, functions of, 58–59

ecclesiastical institutionalization, 5, 5nEdict of January (1562), 144, 144n, 147,

154Edict of Pacification, 147Eglises Réformées de France. See French

Reformed churches.elders (“overseers”), 27, 27n, 39

Bucer’s and Lasco’s views of, 123discipline of, 132equality of, 60, 102, 102non Genevan Consistory, 125merged with deacons, 138–42and national synods, 42, 43and provincial synods, 3roles and responsibilities, 106–16

in Articles polytiques (1557), 102–6, 102n

in Bucer’s Strasbourg, 121n, 122in consistories, 132in Discipline ecclésiastique, 102–6,

102nat Le Mans, 130liturgical, 118at Lord’s Supper, 100n

English refugee churches, 36, 123episcopos, episcopacy. See also bishops.

and Bernese churches, 35Morély’s view of, as local church, 85and polity, 27n, 28–29, 35–36, 62

Erasmus, Disiderius, 13Eucharistic theology, as sociopolitical met-

aphor, 15–16

excommunication, 43, 120n, 124–25, 127, 133

families, marrying outside the faith, 54Farel, Guillaume, 15, 78Febvre, Lucien, 17Francis I (king, 1515–47), 14French Parlement, persecution of heresy,

13–14French Reformed churches. See also Prot-

estantism; Reformed churches; synods.

autonomy and equality of, 9–10, 23, 28–30, 37–48 passim, 61, 70, 89–90

church officers (See deacons/diaconate; elders (“overseers”); ministers of the Word)

collective nature of, 90–93early development of, 3–5, 25, 57–64,

90government of (See colloquies; consis-

tories; synods)institutional influences, 167–73international relations, 162–64liaison with royal court, 158–62local and noble models of, 46–47and the nobility, 144–48

funeral ceremonies regulated, 54

Gallars, Nicholas des, 161, 163Gallican Confession/Gallicanism, 14–15,

57–58development of, 26–30on the diaconate, 106–7and the Discipline, 30, 40, 170episcopal nature of, 60rejected by French Protestants, 59–60,

60n, 89–90Ganoczy, Alexandre, 28Garrison, Janine, 22, 128n, 138, 153Genevan Consistory, 125–27, 172Genevan Reformed churches

church order, 123Company of Pastors, 85, 106, 167consistorial organization of, 60–61, 85,

108the diaconate, 99–100, 108Ecclesiastical Ordinances, (1541), 108


Index


Genevan Reformed churches, continuedGeneral Hospital, and social welfare,

99influence of, 3, 10, 109, 162n, 167missionary training, 20–21as religious refugee center, 20secret trial of Morély, 83

Hauser, Henri, 17, 21Heller, Henry, 17Henri de Bourdon (Prince de Condé), at

synod of La Rochelle, 6Henri de Navarre (Henri IV), at synod of

La Rochelle, 6heresy, 13–16, 44, 45Higman, Francis, 20Histoire ecclésiastique des Eglises Réformées

au royaume de France, 1–3historiography/historical research

of ecclesiastical institutionalization, 4, 4n, 5–11, 5n–11n, 89

of French Protestantism, 16–18influence of Histoire ecclésiastique, 1–3resources

acts of national synods, 8–9, 56Bodleian Library Rawlinson MS

D638, 8church minutes, 105minutes of synods, etc., 8–9provincial church orders, 9–10

sociogeographical interpretations, 17house churches. See under Protestantism.Huguenots. See also nobility; Protestant-

ism.church-state relations, 149–58distinguished from French Reformed

churches, 31, 138, 144–48Edict of January (1562), 144, 154Edict of Pacification, 147emergence of Huguenot Party (1562),

31institutional influences on, 167–73morals control, 157–58nonclerical leadership, 128, 128n

humanism, 3, 5, 15

idolatry (the Mass), 55, 76itinerant preachers, 68, 76, 77

Jeanne d’Albret (queen of Navarre), 22, 78, 88

at synod of La Rochelle, 6judges, notaries, regulated by synods, 56

Kingdon, Robert M., 21n, 83, 85Registres de Consistoire de Genève, 125–

26, 126nkinship networks, 22–23Kirchenpfleger, of Bucer, in Strasbourg,

121–22Knecht, R. J., 22

Labrousse, Elisabeth, 139Lambert, Thomas A., 126nLanguedoc Protestants, 58n, 59, 141, 152,

155La Place, Pierre (Commentaires de L’Estate

de la religion), 7La Roche Confession, 6Lasco, John à (Jan Laski), 20, 36, 100, 123Laval, Charlotte de (wife of Coligny), 22lay preachers, 110, 112Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques (humanist

reformer), 13, 15Le Maçon de Launay, Jean. See De Launay,

Jean Le Maçon.Le Mans church

and Articles polytiques (1557), 104–5, 129–30

officers of, 110, 110n, 114, 129–30, 135n

Le Noir, Philippe, 68, 110Léonard, Emile, 2–3Libertines, 170literacy, and Protestantism, 18liturgy, liturgical duties

confession of sin, 56development of Reformed, 118as diaconal function, 96–96n, 99–100,

103, 108, 110, 117as elder function, 110regulations for, 55n, 56

Longwy, Jacqueline de (duchess), 22Lord’s Supper. See also sacraments; tran-

substantiation.celebration of, 28, 42regulated, 55, 108–9, 145–46, 146nrole of deacons, 100Zwinglian view, 15


Index


Louise of Savoy (mother of Francis I), 14Louis of Nassau (count), at synod of La

Rochelle, 6Lutheranism, 15

magistrates, church-state relationships, 149–58

Mailly, Madeleine de (countess), 22Marcourt, Antoine (Protestant pastor), 15Marguerite of Angoulême (sister of Fran-

cis I), 15, 22marriage and divorce

blessing of, by ministers, 113Chorgericht regulation of, 124outside of the faith, 54Reformed mediation in, 153nregulation of, 56, 124, 133, 156–57by widows, 56

McDonald, Wallace, 126nMeaux, Protestant church in, 3Merlin, Pierre (missionary pastor), 10,

105, 106, 129on the diaconate, 114, 135ninfluenced Huguenots, 167

ministers of the Wordas “bishops,” 28, 172compensation disputes, 72n, 74–75,

74n–75ndiscipline of, 64–68, 132doctors, 27–28, 42“domestic pastors” of house churches,

146, 147election of, 131–32examination of, 71in Genevan Ecclesiastical Ordinances

(1541), 108geographical boundaries of, 73Lasco’s “order” of, 123Morély’s view of, 85and national synods, 42, 47, 51nomination of, 70Oecolampadius’s view of, 120noversight of, 44, 63–70, 66n–67n, 70,

74–77, 81, 121–22, 132, 151as pastors, 2, 27, 28, 39, 60and provincial synods, 43roles and responsibilities

blessing marriages, 113in Breton noble council model, 46

in Bucer’s Strasbourg, 121–22, 121n

consistory members, 132liturgical, 117sacramental, 28, 113

“vagrants,” 76–77moderatorship, limited, 40–42, 42n, 60–

62, 167Monter, William, 16Montmorency, Louise de, 22morals control

and church discipline, 21in Discipline of Saint-Lô, 149enforcement of, 120–28, 132, 157–58and Genevan Consistory, 125–27, 126n

Morel, François, 26, 27, 106Morély, Jean

anticlericalism of, 90biography of, 82–83condemned and excommunicated, 87–

88congregationalist views of, 84–87, 147–

48dispute with Bernese churches, 83Traicté de la Discipline et Police ecclési-

astique, 67, 78, 82–90Mours, Samuel, 2

Navarre, and French Reformed, 162Nicholls, David, 17, 18Nicodemites, 170nobility

conversion of, 21–23and patronage networks, 22–23, 31relationship to French Reformed

Church, 31, 45–46, 136, 144–48, 170–71

synod of La Rochelle (1571), 147–48

Oecolampadius, John, Oratio de reducenda excommunicatione (1530), 120n

Olson, Jeannine, 99

Pannier, Jacques, 139pastors. See ministers of the Word.patronage networks, 22–23, 31Pays de Vaud

classes, 35, 71, 79–82, 155, 167conflict with Bernese churches, 35–36ecclesiastical courts, 123–25


Index


Pays de Vaud, continuedinfluence of, 3–4, 80, 106, 167–68synods in, 33

persecution. See under Protestantism.Poinsson (pastor at Le Mans), 105Poitiers, early “synods” in, 24poor relief. See social welfare.Potter, David, 18Poullain, Valerand, 100prayer services, regulated, 55–56presbyters. See deacons/diaconate; elders

(“overseers”); ministers of the Word.

printing, regulated by provincial synods, 65

Protestantism. See also French Reformed churches; Huguenots.

and Articles Polytiques (1557), 24, 37–39

autonomy, and collective government, 46, 61, 63–77, 85–90, 154

church leadership models, 20–21, 46–47, 127–28

consistories, 127–30deacons/diaconate, 101–2development and growth of, 1–2, 5,

12–24and the Discipline, 24droit des corps rights, 150as heretics, 13–14house churches, 31, 110–11, 144–45,

148humanistic focus, 3influences on, 1–5, 57–62and literacy, 18Morély’s Treatise on Church Discipline

and Polity, 82–90nobility and patronage networks, 22–

23, 31, 144persecution of, 13–16, 26, 26n, 105political assemblies and synods con-

trasted, 59polity of, in Europe, 35–36, 123–25sectarianism, 90shift to Reformed theology, 20, 63–64socioeconomic explanations for, 16–

18, 22–23sociogeographical explanations for, 17unification of, 24–31

varieties of, 12–13Wars of Religion, 48, 48n, 144

provincial synods. See under synods.public prayers regulated, 55n

Quick, John, 6, 134

Ramus, Pierre, 88, 163Reformed churches. See also French

Reformed churches.the diaconate in, 97–101ecclesiastical structures, 36–37

refugee churches, role of deacons, 100Refugee Church of London, 123religious identity, and community cohe-

siveness, 19Rennes church (Brittany), 45–46Reulos, Michel, 4, 4n, 150nRott, Jean, 83–84Roussel, Bernard, 4, 7, 8, 8n, 29, 42n

on consistories, 128n, 130–31, 130n

sacramentarianism, 15Saint-Lô church, Discipline of, 130, 133n,

137, 149Salvart (pastor at Le Mans), 105Saubonne, Michelle de, 22Saulzet, M. de (magistrate), 155Schickler, F. de, 101Seninghen, Françoise (noblewoman), 22social welfare

in Geneva, 99–100ministry of deacons and elders, 96,

102–3, 102n, 107, 139songs, 56Strasbourg

and Bucer’s ecclesiology, 121–25influence of, 3, 3n, 20, 24, 120, 167synods of, 32–33

superstition, opposed by Calvinists, 19synods

Articles polytiques on, 38–39banned by Edict of Pacification, 147,

154European, 33–37, 121influence of polity, 172–73polity and structure, 9, 24, 27–29, 40–

42, 164–71church representation, 42, 49


Index


synods, continuedcompared/ contrasted with civil

and ecclesiastical govern-ments, 57–58

counterproposal to, 45–47development of, 47–53episcopal, 60, 63–77, 171–72interaction of national and provin-

cial, 53–57, 60–62legislative process for, 53–57local and national influences, 167meeting frequency, 48n, 49moderatorship limited, 40–42, 42n,

60presbyterial, 11, 43, 168subdivisions of, 33–35systematic regulation of, 50–51

reception of Dutch churches, 52nrepresentation system changed, 48.49roles and responsibilities (national)

agenda setting, 57appeals system, 52–53censorship, 65conflict mediation, 51ndecision making process, 55–56officers, 27–28regulation of “vagrant” pastors, 77representation at royal courts, 158–

62as secret political synods, 45–46

roles and responsibilities (provincial), 43–45, 51, 64–67

agenda gatekeepers, 57authority of, 47–53, 64–65Bas Languedoc, 54conflict mediation, 51, 51n, 64, 66–

67decision making, 55–57to national synods, 47, 51oversight of pastors, 70–71, 76representation at royal courts, 159,

159n–160nvoting rights at, 42n, 52n

synods (French national), 90–93. See also French Reformed churches; syn-ods.

Figeac (1579), 53“assessors” appointed, 42nprovinces as mediators, 51n

Gergeau (1601), Lord’s Supper, 109

La Rochelle (1571)anti-Trinitarianism in Poland and

Transylvania, 162classes suppressed, 82colloquies, 71–72condemns Morély, 88consistories, 137on deposed ministers, 77on judges and notaries, 56on ministerial compensation dis-

putes, 74–75, 74n–75nministerial oversight, 64protests against, 53non provincial synods, 51, 51nrepresentation at royal courts, 161as “Synod of Princes,” 6, 147

La Rochelle (1581)church/province representation,

48nprovincial synods, 51nrelations with provincial synods, 53revises language about, 54

Lyon (1563)on church councils, 135–36on church-state relations, 151–55classes/colloquies mentioned, 81,

151on the diaconate, 115grounds for deposition of minis-

ters, 76on Lord’s Supper policy/prece-

dence, 108–9, 145–46, 146n

on magistrates at consistories, 150–51

mediation of church-pastor dis-putes, 74–75m76, 74n–75n

on ministerial placement, 155prayer services (postponed), 55protests Council of Trent, 135–36provincial boundaries, 49representation at royal courts,

160.161sumptuary laws, 146n

Montauban (1594)provincial review of decisions, 53n,

56provincial synods, 51nrejects alliance with Gallicans, 60n


Index

192 •


synods (French national),

continued

Montauban (1594),

continued

“visitors” appointed, 81Montpellier (1598), provincial review

of decisions, 57Nîmes (1572)

bans drama based on Scripture, 54colloquies, 64, 73condemns Morély, 88eliminates the term

senat,

130, 137on eucharistic controversy, 163expenses of deputies, 51on Morély, 163representation at royal courts, 161review of Corro’s books, 162–63on tavern businesses, 157

Orléans (1562)condemns Morély, 87–90on the diaconate, 114–15ecclesiastical provinces, 67–68funeral prayers at graves banned,

54laws of consanguinity and affinity,

160ministerial/congregational over-

sight, 64noble/house churches and consis-

tories, 144–45pastoral discipline/church govern-

ments, 67–68provincial representation, 48, 49representation at royal courts, 159–

60on Viret’s church order, 79–82, 89visitations stricken from Viret’s

church order, 61, 81m83Paris (1559)

on the diaconate, 16–107postponement precedent, 55

Paris (1565)bans prayer services, 55censure for hosting priests, etc.,

146church/province representation,

48ncondemns Morély, 88on the diaconate, 116on elders’ malfeasance, 139formalizes regulations, 50house churches/pastors, 146

legitimizes colloquies, 70pay disputes, 74–75, 74n–75nprovincial synods, 49

Poitiers (1557 and 1558), 24Poitiers (1561), 42n

baptism of Catholic children, 55date of, 47non the diaconate, 107, 108, 112,

114, 116, 118, 132non elders’ malfeasance, 139formalizes synod composition, 47–

48modifies the Discipline, 53nprotest against Council of Trent,

160provincial synods; schismatics, 44nrejects multiple consistories, 134Rennes and Vitré represented, 45nrepresentation at royal courts, 159,

161“vagrants” addressed, 76

St. Foy (1578)appeals, 52nexpenses of deputies, 51, 51nroyal representative at synod, 1671

Vertueil (1567)on church councils, 136, 136n

classes/

colloquies mentioned, 81colloquies, 71on marital mediation, 153nprovincial synods, 50“vagrants” problem addressed, 76–

77Vitré (1583)

provincial synod deputies, 42n, 52n, 55

representation at royal court, 161synods (French provincial).

See also

French Reformed churches; syn-ods.

Anduze (1595), ratifies the Discipline, 53n

Blain (1500), informal, 68Brittany (1561),

police

document, 79nDauphiné (1560s), on the diaconate,

109, 112Dye(1561)

on the diaconate, 109ratifies the Discipline, 53n

geographical boundaries, 49–51

Index.fm 2 Thursday, September 4, 2003 11:23 AM

Index


synods (French provincial),

continued

Lyon (1561)on the diaconate, 109, 112ratifies the Discipline, 53nn

Montélimar(1562), on the diaconate, 109–10, 113

Montelymard(1562), ratifies the Disci-pline, 53n

Montpellier (1578), decline of the diaconate, 140

Montpellier (1581), comments/pro-tests re national synod, 53

Nîmes(1562)Edict of January, 144nViret’s church order, 79–82

Nîmes (1571)

classes

abolished, 82, 82nratifies the Discipline, 53n

Nîmes (1580), decline of the diaconate, 140

Nîmes (1590), decline of the diaconate, 140

Ploérmel(1562), ratifies the Disci-pline, 53n

Rennes (1560), informal, 45–46, 116Rouen (1563), on the diaconate, 115–

16

temporalities.

See

benefices.transubstantiation.

See also

Eucharistic theology; Lord’s Supper.

attacked by Marcourt, 15

Valence, Protestant assemblies in, 9Vaudois.

See

Pays de Vaud.violence, and religious worldview, 19Viret, Pierre (Vaudois minister), 9

and Bas Languedoc church order, 67, 111, 141

on excommunication, 124–25exile of, 78influence of, on the Discipline, 33,

167–68moderator of Lyon synod (1563), 49,

78Nîmes (1562) church order, and collo-

quies, 79–81, 79nand Orléans synod (1561/2), 78–90protests Berne synod, 35

visitationsin Berne, 34not practiced, 61, 81, 93

Wars of Religion, and national synod, 48, 48n, 144

Watt, Isabella M., 126nWatt, Jeffrey R., 126nWeber, Max, 17widows, 56women, and patronage networks, 22–23

Zurich churches, synods of, 33

Index.fm Page 193 Thursday, September 4, 2003 11:23 AM

Reforming French Protestantism

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