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Preventing marine pollutionThe environmental threat
Land-based sources by-products of industry
run-off from agricultural pesticides and
herbicides
effluents discharged from urban areas
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Preventing marine pollutionThe environmental threat
shipping and maritime activities
oil
tanker accidents
Torrey Canyon (1967),
Amoco Cadiz (1978) Exx on Valdez (1989)
terminal operations
normal tanker operations
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Preventing marine pollution
Preventing operational pollution
This can result, for example, from the dischargeof oil-water mixtures resulting from tank cleaningdirectly into the sea.
This has been done by introducing anti-pollutionmeasures into the design, equipment andoperation of ships.
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Preventing marine pollution
Reducing accidents
This is principally achieved by introducing and
enforcing strict standards and navigational
procedures on a world-wide basis.
While principally designed to make shippingsafer these measures have a secondary
advantage in that they also help cut pollution
resulting from accidents.
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Preventing marine pollution
Reducing the consequences of accidents
Measures have been introduced which are
designed to lessen the amount of pollution
resulting from an accident (for example, by
limiting the size of tanks and thereby limiting
the amount of oil entering the sea in the event
of a tanker going aground or being involved in
a collision).
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Preventing marine pollution
Providing compensation
The costs of pollution can be enormous.
A series of measures has been adopted toenable victims of pollution incidents to be
provided with compensation for their
losses.
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Preventing marine pollution
Helping implementation
IMO has provided technical and other
assistance to Governments in developingcontingency plans for countering pollution.
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M ARPOL 73/78
Annex I
Prevention of pollution by oil Entry into force: 2 October 1983
Annex II Control of pollution by noxious
liquid substances
Entry into force: 6 April 1987
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M ARPOL 73/78
Annex III
Prevention of pollution by harmfulsubstances in packaged form
Entry into force: 1 July 1992
Annex IV Prevention of pollution by sewage from
ships
Entry into force: 27 September 2003
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M ARPOL 73/78
Annex V
Prevention of pollution by garbagefrom ships
Entry into force: 31 Dec. 1988
Annex VI
Prevention of Air Pollution fromShips
Entry into force: 19 May 2005
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M ARPOL 73/78 Annex I
Operational discharges of oil from tankersare allowed only when all of the followingconditions are met:
the total quantity of oil which a
tanker may discharge in any ballastvoyage whilst under way must notexceed 1/15,000 of the total cargocarrying capacity of the vessel;
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M ARPOL 73/78 Annex I
Operational discharges of oil fromtankers are allowed only when all of the following conditions are met:
the rate at which oil may bedischarged must not exceed 60litres per mile travelled by theship; and
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M ARPOL 73/78
Annex I
Operational discharges of oil from tankersare allowed only when all of the followingconditions are met:
no discharge of any oil whatsoever
must be made from the cargo spacesof a tanker within 50 miles of thenearest land.
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M ARPOL 73/78
Annex I
An oil record book is required, inwhich is recorded the movementof cargo oil and its residues fromloading to discharging on a tank-to-tank basis.
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M ARPOL 73/78 Annex II Some 250 substances were evaluated
and included in the list appended tothe Convention.
The discharge of their residues is
allowed only to reception facilitiesuntil certain concentrations andconditions (which vary with thecategory of substances) are complied
with.
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M ARPOL 73/78
Annex II
In any case, no discharge of residues containing noxioussubstances is permitted within12 miles of the nearest land.
More stringent restrictionsapplied to the Baltic and BlackSea areas.
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M ARPOL 73/78
Annex III
Contains general requirementsfor the issuing of detailedstandards on packing, marking,labelling, documentation,stowage, quantity limitations,exceptions and notifications forpreventing pollution by harmful
substances.
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M ARPOL 73/78 Annex V
Time taken for objects to dissolve at sea
Paper bus ticket 2-4 weeksCotton cloth 1-5 monthsRope 3-14 monthsWoollen cloth 1 year
Painted wood 13 yearsTin can 100 yearsAluminium can 200-500 yearsPlastic bottle 450 years
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M ARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Set limits on sulphur oxide and
nitrogen oxide emissions fromship exhausts and prohibitdeliberate emissions of ozone
depleting substances.
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Seafarers role in waste management The shipboard personnel are involved in the process
of waste generation and management from a number of different perspectives:
1. As operator and maintenance personnel of differentmachineries onboard that will definitely producewaste products.
2. As initiators of the waste management chain bytransferring of waste materials for treatment anddisposal.
3. As initiator of illegal discharges of oil and other solid
waste materials at sea.
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Shipboard Waste Management System Seafarers must understand what Shipboard
Waste Management System can achieve interms of the quantities of waste dealt with and
the benefits and disbenefits to human healthand the environment associated
They must understand how their actions canreduce the amount of waste requiringtreatment or disposal
All waste management options have their advantages and disadvantages and gaugingthe seafarers views of each will play animportant part in developing and implementing
effective waste management plans.
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