Some terms…• Emigrants – people who leave a country• Immigrants – people who come into a country• Migration often takes place in steps. This is
called ‘step-wise migration’• External migration - movement between
countries• Internal migration – movement within a
country• Urbanisation is an
example of internal migration where people move from rural to urban areas.
Add terms to Glossary
Migration
Class Survey
• How many times has your family moved?
• What were the main 2-3 reasons for the move?
Types of migration
Counterflow
Origin Destination
- - + - 0
+ - 0 - +
+ - 0 - -
- - - + 0
Intervening Obstacles
+ + + + +
+ - 0 - +
+ + 0 + -
+ - - + 0
Lee’s Model of Migration
Key
- Push factor
+ Pull factor
0 Neutral factor
Push-Pull Factors
Push Factors – these are negative factors which cause people to move from their origin e.g. violence, crime, pollution
Pull Factors – these are positive factors that attract people to move to their destination e.g. education, employment opportunities
(Complete the hand-out “Classifying factors”)
Intervening Obstacles – are physical, economic, or political barriers that migrants must cross during the process of migration
• Examples of intervening obstaclesPhysical barriers – oceans, mountain ranges, desertsCultural - language, leaving family and friends behind, cultural differences Economic – cost of airfarePolitical – immigration policy of country of destination, obtaining a visa
Intervening Obstacles
• Counter flow – This is when people return from their destination back to their point of origin – homesick, disappointed with destination, couldn’t get a job, being a tourist.
Counter flow
Counterflow
Netherlands - 1958 New Zealand
Intervening Obstacles
Mr and Mrs Van Kralingen
Key
- Push factor
+ Pull factor
0 Neutral factor
1. Lack of housing2. Lack of
opportunity3. Impact of WW24. Overcrowding5. Cold wet climate
1. Jobs2. Opportunity3. Scenic beauty4. Warmer climate5. No class system
and equality
1. Language2. Leaving friends
and family3. Cost of travel4. Isolation and
distance5. Different culture
1. 2 trips back for a holiday
Counterflow
Origin Destination
Intervening Obstacles
Asian Migration – Template
Key
- Push factor
+ Pull factor
0 Neutral factor
Paste into notes and complete…
Review of key terms
• migration• migrant• Source / Origin• destination• immigrant• emigrant• push• pull• intervening obstacles• counterflow
Historical migration patterns
1. Immigration
• Maori (750-1000AD)• European (1830’s to present)• Pacific (1950’s to 1970’s)• Asia (1990’s to present)
• For each group consider push factors that forced each group away from their home country
• Pull factors that attracted them to New Zealand
Use the handout on NZ migration
Headings
•What can you tell about these two men?•Where are they most likely to emigrate to? Why?
Emigration destinations, 2006
2. Emigration
New Zealand net migration change, 2005
• Make a summary statement regarding emigration in 2005.
1.Stepwise Migration
In your own words describe what is meant by stepwise migration and give an example from New Zealand of this
type of migration. 50yrs ago this was the usual pattern in
NZ. Is it so likely to occur now?
2. Rural – Urban drift
3. Northward Drift
(Urbanisation) Morrinsville - Hamilton
(Population moving north) – Wellington to Auckland. South Island to North Island.
4. Intra-urban Migration
a)Suburbanisation –
moving to new suburbs on edge of city - Raunui (west)
b)Gentrification –
urban renewal of older inner city suburbs – GreOnehunga
c)Commuting –
daily movement to place of work - Impact of Auckland motorway
d) Movement to lifestyle blocks
on the urban fringe e.g. - Kaipara Harbour. (west). Clevedon ( East) Karaka (South)
(movement within a city) eg…
5. Counterflows –
urban to rural/southwards, retirees moving from cities - Auckland to smaller towns Cambridge, Queenstown
6. Maori Migration, initially to cities 1945-1990, recently to rural tribal homelands 1995-2009 - East Coast
Using the hand out map of NZ, indicate three major patterns of migration, and describe them in your own words.
New Zealand Internal
Migration Trends
New Zealand Internal
Migration Trends
• Northward drift
• Rural-urban drift
• Southward drift counterflow
Why do people move and what is the impact of this movement on the origin and on the destination?
KEY TERMS: Rural, Urban, City, Population Distribution, Population Density
1. What has the main movement been?2. What have been the main source and
destination areas for this type of migration?
3. Give examples/statistics4. Why have people moved?5. What has been the impact of this
migration on both the source and the destination?
For each migration type at the end of the next group of slides you should be able to answer the following questions:
1. Rural to Urban Migration
Construct a percentage bar graph using the data below:
–1881 Rural – 60%, Urban – 40%
–1936 Rural – 32%, Urban – 68%
–2001 Rural – 14%, Urban – 86%
Causes of Rural to Urban MigrationPush Factors
Farm mechanisation and amalgamation leading to rural unemployment
Lack of higher educational facilities, fewer services and amenities
Limited social lifeClosure of dairy factories, freezing works and
woollen mills in rural areas leading to decline
Pull Factors Improved job prospectsBetter education facilitiesBetter social life/entertainment for young
peopleWider choice of accommodation
Consequences of Rural to Urban Migration
NegativeSocial problems – urban sprawl, loss of
identityIncreased cost of living in citiesUnemployment in urban areasOvercrowding of citiesFurther decline in rural services
PositiveImproved standard of living and access to
better services and facilitiesImproved work prospects
2. Northward DriftConstruct THREE pie graphs using the data
below
1881 North Island 45%South Island 55%
1936 North Island 50%South Island 50%
2006 North Island 75%South Island 25%• This drift north has occurred both within
and between the North and South Islands.• The top half of the South Island has grown
while the lower half has declined. (except Queenstown area)
• The fastest growing regions are – Queenstown –Lakes (29%) and Auckland (12%)
• WHY???• Before 1900 more people lived in South
IslandRailways for moving people and freight were
easily built (flat plains)Few Maoris so land was easier to buyLand was already cleared – made farming easyNo wars with Maoris as in North IslandGold rushes in Otago and West Coast brought
money to South Island and created jobs
• Why did the drift North start?Auckland port closest to international
trade routesNZ wars with Maori endedIts warmer
• Why did the drift North start?(cont.)Kauri gumfields in Northland openedMain trunk railway was builtRefrigeration developed in 1880’s and stimulated
growth of Waikato and South Auckland dairy farming
Industry developed in Auckland bringing jobs/people
Forestry on the Volcanic Plateau from 1960Agriculture in the Bay of Plenty from 1970Retirees moving to warm dry areas
like TaurangaMilder climate in northern North
IslandImmigrants were encouraged to settle
in the North
The Ongoing Growth of Auckland
• 1926 just over 200,000 people lived in Auckland (15% of population)
• 2006 just over 1.1 million live in Auckland (33% of national population)
• Why move to Auckland? – family, jobs, wide range of facilities and services, universities and polytechnic institutes, medical services (5 public hospitals), recreational facilities, shopping, quality of life, wide range of accommodation
Consequences of Growth for Auckland
• Not enough housing, waiting lists of poor people wanting access to govt. housing
• Urban sprawl taking over valuable farmland e.g. Botany, Pukekohe, Bombay, Mangere
• Traffic congestion and air pollution• Increasing difficulty in finding work• Crime e.g. theft, drugs, prostitution• Growing homeless or
vagrant population• Increasing pollution
3.Intra-urban migrationDefinition - Movement of people within an
urban area• Why move within an urban area?
– Upgrade to a nicer, more suitable house– A change in family circumstances– A change of job/moving closer to work– A move to a more desirable school zone
• Suburbanisation (movement to outer suburbs)What has caused this trend?– 2 car family– Available space to expand– Lower cost housing– Shopping malls– NZ aim to own a home– Movement of industry to outer edge of city
Intra-urban migration (cont)• Gentrification (movement of younger high income earners into older inner suburbs)The process?
– Urban decay – old established suburbs become run down and deteriorate e.g. Grey Lynn, Ponsonby– Urban renewal – young people who work in city redevelop properties and add value to them– Urban infill – larger sections with a house on them are subdivided and another house or units are built in front or behind the existing home
• Commuting– Travel to and from domestic suburbs e.g. Manurewa to working suburbs
e.g. City
Issues which have occurred in NZ due to these internal migration trends:
• Infill housing• Traffic
congestion• Urban sprawl• Gentrification• Deprivation as
some groups pushed out
4. Counter-flows
• Urban Rural – people moving on to lifestyle blocks
• North Island South Island – cheaper house prices, less crime, less racial tension
• Maori movement back from cities tribal homelands
• Retired people moving from large cities smaller towns
to
to
to
to
5. Maori Migrations• Initial movement after WW2 from tribal
homelands to cities – 1945 25% Maori lived in cities, 2001 85% live in cities. Due to education, healthcare, entertainment, rural unemployment. Result – removed from tribal influences of elders, crime, loss of cultural values, loss of identity, gangs, drugs
• Since 1980’s counterdrift of Maori from cities back to tribal lands
eg East Coast
New Zealand Internal Migration Trends
• Northward drift • Rural-urban drift • Rural depopulation • Suburban sprawl • Stepwise migration • Movement within
cities
Recap? Locate each type on the map and give a ‘case study’ example of each.
Examination Questions
Name and describe TWO internal migration trends. Give a reason for each. (2005)
With reference to Lee’s Model of Migration complete the following tasks. Use NZ as an example.
• Provide TWO specific examples of push factors in the area of origin
• Provide TWO specific examples of intervening obstacles.• Describe what is meant by a counterflow and give ONE
reason for this type of flow. (2003)
Counterflow
Origin Destination
- - + - 0
+ - 0 - +
+ - 0 - -
- - - + 0
Intervening Obstacles
+ + + + +
+ - 0 - +
+ + 0 + -
+ - - + 0
Lee’s Model of Migration
Key
- Push factor
+ Pull factor
0 Neutral factor
Your essay topic: Due_________________
Write paragraphs describing and explaining:1. Why people have migrated within New
Zealand2. The effect of these migrations on the
places they left and the places they went to
Migration
in India
Stepwise Migration
Use these words to complete the cloze exercise on Indian migration
urbanisation
healt
hca
re
males
stepwise
megacities
destinatio
n
MEDC
LEDC
indentured
refugees
Hindu
migrated
tsunami Pakistan
labour
1. Overcrowding and congestion2. Air and water pollution3. Untreated waste and poor sanitation4. Creation of shanty towns or bustees in Mumbai and Kolkata with no access to facilities e.g. water, sewage, electricity5. Homes made of cardboard and corrugated iron6. Widespread disease, crime and poverty7. Changing social values and o loss of traditional values
Why do Indians move?
Impact on
source area
Impact on destination area
1. loss of most productive members of society (15-30 years of age) to the city2. Market for goods and services shrinks in rural areas3. Gender imbalance in villages – few young men4. Less pressure on limited rural resources5. Rural areas receive income from family working in the city6. Some migrants return from the city bringing new skills and ideas
Better standard of living
employment
education
Facilities and infrastructure
Provide income for families in rural villages
Move from strict social controls in the rural villages
Source: K Carter
1.Write a generalisation of the trend shown in this graph
2.What percentage of the population was rural in 1970? 2000?
3.What process has caused this change?4.What type of graph is this?
Source: L. Anderson
1.Identify three benefits experienced by the migrant to the urban area
2.Identify a disadvantage of having moved to the city3.Identify one social/cultural change in which the
older man has changed as a result of moving to the city
4.Does the cartoon indicate the move was successful or not? Why?
Source: L. Anderson
1.Why did Haji move to Mumbai?
2.How did Haji benefit from his move to Mumbai?
3.Why has Haji moved three times within Mumbai?
4.Does Haji believe that his move to the city was successful or not? Why?
Words for cloze exercise: Indian Migration
Indentured labour
LEDC (Less economically developed countries)
Megacities
Destination
Migrated
Labour
MEDC (More economically developed countries)
males
stepwise
Hindu
Urbanisation
Refugee
Healthcare
Pakistan
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