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Planning a Sustainable Energy Future
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Planning a Sustainable Energy Future
AEC Daily
17817 Leslie Street, Suite 49
Newmarket, Ontario L3Y 8C6, Canada
Energy creation, distribution, and consumption is in a period of transition. Understanding this transition and its
benefits is critical to sustainable community energy planning (SCEP). This course reviews the transition forces,
describes the systems that are emerging, illustrates them with international and national examples, details the
steps required for SCEP, and provides a comprehensive overview of the many renewable energy options now
viable for community energy systems.
To ensure the accuracy of this program material, this course is valid only when listed on AEC Daily’s Online
Learning Center. Please click here to verify the status of this course. If the course is not displayed on the above
page, it is no longer offered.
This course is approved by other organizations. Please click here for details.
The American Institute of Architects · Course No. AEC1171 · This program qualifies for 2.5 LU/HSW Hours.
AEC Daily Corporation is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be
reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for
continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any
method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of
this presentation.
Presented by:
Description:
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AEC Daily Corporation has met the standards and requirements of the Registered
Continuing Education Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be
reported to RCEP at RCEP.net. A certificate of completion will be issued to each
participant. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be
an approval or endorsement by the RCEP.
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Purpose and Learning Objectives
Purpose:
Energy creation, distribution, and consumption is in a period of transition. Understanding this transition and its benefits is
critical to sustainable community energy planning (SCEP).This course reviews the transition forces, describes the
systems that are emerging, illustrates them with international and national examples, details the steps required for
SCEP, and provides a comprehensive overview of the many renewable energy options now viable for community energy
systems.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
• identify those aspects of the current global energy transition that affect their community directly
• evaluate the planning of all sectors of municipal operations that impact on energy production, supply, and local
distribution
• analyze local context to determine the most viable renewable energy sources, and
• develop an integrated community energy plan based on clean energy sources.
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How to Use This Online Learning Course
• To view this course, use the arrows at the bottom of each slide or the up and down arrow keys on your keyboard.
• To print or exit the course at any time, press the ESC key on your keyboard. This will minimize the full-screen
presentation and display the menu bar.
• Within this course is an exam password that you will be required to enter in order to proceed with the online
examination. Please be sure to remember or write down this exam password so that you have it available for the test.
• To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at the end of the course.
• For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos and icons within a page or any of
the links at the top of each page.
• We have provided links within the text to optional additional reading. This linked information is not necessary for
the exam.
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Current Energy Developments
The SCEP Process
Energy Demand and Supply Management
Sample Plans and Projects
Summary and Resources
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Introduction
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What Is SCP?
Communities worldwide are increasingly adopting planning practices that
acknowledge
• community environmental impacts
• long-term community economic health
• resident well-being, and
• the creation of conditions and resources that will facilitate future
generations in maintaining a lifestyle equal or superior to that of the
present generation.
This is referred to as sustainable community planning (SCP).
This diagram is the most familiar way of illustrating
SCP and demonstrates that sustainability occurs
where economic, social, and environmental issues
overlap and integrate.
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What Is SCEP?
Sustainable community energy planning (SCEP) is an
integral component of SCP.
It is a way of documenting local priorities as to how energy
should be generated, delivered, and used in the community
now and into the future. It is also a communication tool with
which municipal staff can communicate and sell their energy
vision within the municipal corporation and to external
planning bodies, potential investors, and potential
businesses.
SCEP, like SCP, is also an effective way for community
residents and experts to participate in local energy planning
and also for municipalities to participate in regional and
national energy planning.
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What Does SCEP Accomplish?
SCEP evaluates a community’s current existing energy use and
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in order to identify and implement
solutions to improve energy efficiency and air quality.
It also develops community priorities around renewable energy and other
energy infrastructure and sets specific targets for the amount and timing of
the integration of renewable options.
SCEP creates a comprehensive, long-term plan that not only addresses
energy supply but also provides insight into improving energy efficiency,
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and fostering local sustainable energy
generation and distribution solutions. In particular, it focuses on those
solutions that address multiple issues simultaneously (e.g., converting
potential pollutants into a clean energy source).
There are now a number of aids such as the one pictured, Advancing
Integrated Community Energy Planning in Ontario: A Primer, that can inform
the SCEP process.
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How to Create SCEP
It is conducted in concert with waste and water
management, transportation, and land use planning in
order that the synergies between these issues can be
leveraged to full advantage. Just like green building
design and sustainable community planning,
sustainable community energy planning is a
multidisciplinary exercise.
Communities are systems where buildings and
infrastructure play roles in energy creation and
sharing, food production, and water treatment. To be
an effective participant in any aspect of community
design, each designer should become familiar with the
issues being addressed by every other discipline and
the tools being used.
Becoming familiar with energy issues and planning
techniques is critical in this regard.
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Why Adopt SCEP?
Cities, by some estimates, consume two-thirds of all energy
and account for 70% of the CO2 emissions stemming from
energy production. The majority of the most promising low-
carbon innovations are now occurring in cities.
Municipal governments are always seeking more effective
ways to manage steadily growing energy costs and
responsibilities related to energy use, long-term reliability
and security, resilience to extreme climatic events,
emissions, pollutants, and other social and environmental
impacts.
This new level of complexity and increased range of issues
and responsibilities suggests the need for a more effective
approach to energy planning.
SCEP is such an approach.
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RECAP: SCEP will document local energy priorities, communicate an energy vision, and allow for participation
in an energy future. SCEP requires a review of current community energy use and GHG emissions,
development of community priorities, and development of a long-term plan that addresses multiple issues
simultaneously. Always look at community as a system.
REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review question before moving on to the answers on the next
slide:
❑ What are some of the reasons to implement SCEP?
?
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SCEP can help municipalities manage: steadily growing energy costs and responsibilities related to energy use,
long-term reliability and security, resilience to extreme climatic events, emissions, pollutants, and other social
and environmental impacts.A
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Current Energy Developments
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Current Global Energy Developments
The energy sector is in the midst of a significant transition towards renewables-based systems that are cleaner, less
expensive, and more resilient. The drivers of this transition include the following:
Costs: The cost of renewable sources has recently dropped significantly. Photovoltaic (PV) prices have dropped 80%
since 2008. Oil and coal prices are up and oil power generation now costs more than renewables-based production.
Technical advances: The reliability of renewable technology is now proven, and there are many further innovations in
progress. The intelligence of the energy grid has risen dramatically and is now capable of integrating numerous supply
sources and of protecting itself from dramatic failure.
Climatic influences: There has been an increase in severe climatic events. The resulting focus on developing greater
resilience to their impacts has extended to the energy sector. Resilience strategies often include local production and
distribution of renewables-based energy.
Investment opportunities: The financial/investment sector has identified the renewable energy sector as a promising
future direction, and there are now significant investment amounts available for renewables.
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Global Benefits of Current Global Energy Developments
It is important to realize that this international energy transition
has major global economic benefits, which can in turn translate
into local economic benefits, especially in those communities
that embrace this transition in their local SCEP.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates
suggest that the global GDP will be increased by as much as
0.8% in 2050 (USD 1.6 trillion) from the initiatives required to
meet the Paris Agreement targets.
A world map of countries by gross domestic product at purchasing
power parity per capita in 2007 from the International Monetary
Fund. Darker colors represent greater GDP/capita. By David
Brsby Public domain via Wikimedia
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Global Energy Developments and SCEP
The Paris Agreement on climate change aims to keep temperature
rises to “well below 2°C by 2100.” It was signed by 197 countries.
As of August 2018, this agreement was also supported by 10 states,
227 cities and counties, 344 institutions of higher education, and
2,111 businesses and investors in the U.S. “We are Still In”
campaign. The Paris Agreement Summary document by Climate
Focus provides a good overview of the agreement’s goals.
The Paris Agreement provides a unique framework for action to
mitigate the impacts of climate change and to reduce energy usage.
This framework identifies three basic steps that each community
can take to make measurable progress at the local level:
• inventory local emissions
• set a reduction target, and
• make a sustainable (local) energy plan to achieve these targets.
This framework highlights the importance of local planning (SCEP)
in achieving global targets.
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Global Energy Developments and SCEP
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has stated that meeting
the Paris goals will require “an energy transition of exceptional
scope, depth, and speed” and that “CO2 emissions would need
to peak before 2020 and fall by more than 70% from today’s
levels by 2050.”
IRENA states that “accelerated deployment of renewable
energy and energy efficiency measures are the key elements
of the energy transition. The share of renewable energy needs
to increase from around 15% of the primary energy supply in
2015 to 65% in 2050. Energy intensity improvements must
double to around 2.5% per year by 2030, and continue at this
level until 2050.”
Recognizing these international guidelines and targets is
critical for the development of local plans in order to ensure
that they align with international objectives.
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Global Energy Developments and Local SCEP
Cities worldwide are now recognized as the engines of change,
and their mayors have become very influential globally. Many
communities now have energy plans that promote renewable
energy sources, electric vehicles, energy-efficient streetlights,
increased transit use, and slashed emissions from buildings.
C40 Cities is an organization that connects more than 90 of the
world’s greatest cities, and 25% of the global economy. It is
focused on tackling climate change and driving urban action
that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and climate risks.
Within this group, there were more than 10,000 actions to
address climate change by 2015, well ahead of the Paris
Agreement.
Buildings alone contribute roughly 40% of overall U.S.
emissions, and in big cities like Chicago and New York, they
can contribute up to 70%. This puts the energy sector and cities
in particular at the core of efforts to combat climate change. It
also highlights the critical role of each building design.
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National Energy Developments and Local SCEP
Many national indicators and trends can be leveraged for SCEP development that integrates renewables, reduces costs,
boosts performance, and adds local job opportunities.
In the U.S.:
• In 2015, a record high amount of traditional generating capacity was retired nationally.
• In 2016, for the first time in history, natural gas replaced coal as the leading source of electricity generation.
• From 2005 to 2015, overall growth in electricity consumption at the national level stalled, while many generation
sources, particularly natural gas, wind, and solar, frequently hit new record levels of penetration.
Globally, according to the World Economic Forum, “The capitalized cost of generating solar energy in 2015 decreased to
as low as one-sixth the cost in 2005.”
The U.S. solar jobs census in 2016 found that “solar employment increased by over 51,000 workers, a 25% increase
over 2015. Overall, the solar jobs census found there were 260,077 solar workers in 2016. Solar industry employment
has nearly tripled since the first national solar jobs census was released in 2010.”
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National Energy Developments and Local SCEP
According to this World Bank report, Climate Change and
Global Warming: The Role of the International Community,
“Climate change poses a moderate threat to current
sustainable development and a severe threat to future
sustainable development unless climate change and
development models that drive greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions are reconciled.”
At the local level, this infers implementing measures in the
local SCEP that are inherent to the broader issues of SCP.
These include alternate transportation (renewables-based
electric vehicles, bicycles, and walking), energy reduction in
every sector, compact communities, local agriculture, and
treating waste as an energy resource.
The implementation of such measures will most likely
necessitate an updated electrical production and distribution
network based on renewables and local distribution.
Zoey Kroll, own work: CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia
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Local Energy Developments and SCEP
Along with improved GDP and employment opportunities, there
are other local benefits of SCEP. They include:
• cleaner air from reduced emissions
• cleaner water from reduced pollutants
• improved health from cleaner air and water
• reduced noise (electric vehicles, fewer generators, etc.)
• an improved quality of life, which in turn attracts businesses,
who in turn attract employees with similar objectives
• improved indoor air quality from energy conservation
construction techniques
• improved resilience to weather events and price hikes for
imported energy
• reduced energy needs, and
• lower municipal, commercial, and residential operating costs. The accrued benefits bring every community closer and closer to
the idyllic community vision.
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What Influences SCEP
It is as important to recognize the global developments
that can influence and benefit local SCEP as it is to
recognize which aspects of a community the plan itself
will affect. The following slides will briefly summarize
those issues that influence SCEP followed by those
issues SCEP can influence.
Dam of the tidal power plant on the estuary of the Rance River, Bretagne, France
User Dani 7C3: CC BY SA 3.0 via Wikimedia
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“Record-breaking tenders for solar PV occurred in Argentina, Chile, India, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates, with bids in some markets below USD 0.03 per kilowatt-hour (kWh). (In the U.S. the typical costs of electricity
for different sources are: coal (6–14 cents), gas (5–21) including gas peaker power plants, wind (3–6 cents), nuclear
(10–14 cents), utility scale solar (5–6 cents), and rooftop solar (9–19 cents).) Parallel developments in the wind power
sector saw record low bids in several countries, including Chile, India, Mexico, and Morocco. Record lows in offshore
wind power tenders in Denmark and the Netherlands brought Europe’s industry closer to its goal to produce offshore
wind power more cheaply than coal by 2025.”
What Influences SCEP: Lower Cost
One of the more influential developments on SCEP is the swiftly changing price structure of energy sources
combined with their rapidly growing availability and diversity.
According to REN21 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century):
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What Influences SCEP: Increased Usage and Investment
As noted earlier, increased usage and increased investment in renewables are also major influences on lowering costs.
REN21 states, “Newly installed renewable power capacity set new records in 2016, with 161 gigawatts (GW) added. This
increased the global total by almost 9% relative to 2015. Solar PV accounted for around 47% of the total, followed by
wind power at 34% and hydropower at 15.5%.”
According to pv magazine USA, “A recent analysis by Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) shows that solar PV has
had a learning rate of 28%, meaning that the cost of a solar module decreases 28% every time production capacity
doubles. For wind power and lithium-ion batteries, the learning rates are slightly less at 10.5% and 18.6%, respectively.
The learning rate for batteries is expected to rise with announcements by Tesla and China that they will build huge new
battery production facilities with advanced battery technology in 2018.”
Bloomberg also states, “Renewable energy sources are set to represent almost three-quarters of the $10.2 trillion the
world will invest in new power-generating technology until 2040, thanks to rapidly falling costs for solar and wind power,
and a growing role for batteries, including electric vehicle batteries, in balancing supply and demand.”
Leveraging these usage, price, and investment trends in local SCEP will ensure the most cost-effective integration of
renewables into community energy systems.
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What Influences SCEP: Uptake by Local and Global Entities
Babcock Ranch in Florida bills itself as the first new solar-powered town in America.
New York City completed over 1,000 public building retrofits and installed 636 megawatt (MW) of PV power in 2015.
New York State aims to have 50% of their energy from renewable sources by 2030.
Texas, formerly an oil state, now produces more wind energy than any other state (25% of its own needs). Their wind
system functioned perfectly after Hurricane Harvey while gasoline came into short supply and rose dramatically in price.
The U.S. produced two-thirds of its new energy capacity in 2016 from renewables.
Germany continues to hit new highs for renewable energy production (14.6 billion kWh in October 2017).
China, in 2013, added more solar capacity in one year than the U.S. had done in the previous 59 years and in 2016 was
adding it at twice that rate (two football fields of PV per hour).
India plans to acquire nearly 60% of electricity capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2027.
Portugal was powered entirely by renewables (wind, biofuel, solar, and geothermal) for four days in May 2017.
The Netherlands aims to run its entire train system on wind power by 2018.
Saudi Arabia, also known for its oil, plans to build a $500 billion technological megacity that will be run entirely on
renewable energy sources.
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What Influences SCEP: Uptake by National Corporations
Numerous significant businesses are switching to, or demanding, renewable energy sources.
Google, which uses as much energy as the city of San Francisco, is the largest corporate investor with 2.5 billion USD
invested in renewables and in April 2018 announced it was running on 100% renewables.
Amazon, which has bought more than 1.22 gigawatts of output to date from U.S. clean-energy projects (second only to
Alphabet Inc.’s Google with 1.85 gigawatts), opened a 253-megawatt wind farm in Texas in November 2017. This is one of
their 18 wind and solar projects in operation.
In total, corporations such as Walmart, IKEA, Microsoft, Facebook, and the U.S. Department of Defense have agreed to
buy 1.9 gigawatts of clean power in the U.S. in 2017, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance.
Providing a renewables-based system in a community can attract companies and corporations with similar objectives and
ambitions and thus improve local economies and environments simultaneously.
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What Influences SCEP: Need for Energy Security
Local renewable energy creation is increasingly considered
an important aspect of national security.
Every military branch is increasing its own reliance on
renewables. The U.S. Navy, in August 2017, implemented
the largest purchase of renewable energy ever made by a
federal entity: a 210 MW direct current solar facility in Arizona
that will benefit 14 Department of the Navy (DON)
installations in California.
As stated by the Navy, “In addition to the energy security
benefits to the DON, the project will help the 14 installations
comply with California’s renewable portfolio standard. At 210
MW, the solar facility will contribute 21% of the power needed
to meet the goal of 50% of total energy consumption coming
from alternative sources by 2020.” Major purchases like this
also bring down the cost of PV for others.
U.S. Navy, Naval Air Station North Island: Public domain via Wikimedia
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What Influences SCEP: Need for Resilience
An ever-increasing frequency and ferocity of extreme weather impacts complete with power interruptions is creating
a rising concern for the resilience of communities and their energy systems. As noted earlier, local renewables-based
energy production and distribution increases community resilience to such events. (See “microgrids” on later slides.)
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What Influences SCEP: Smart Grids
A smart grid can be defined as an electricity
supply network that uses digital
communications technology to detect and react
to local changes in usage. Local changes
include power interruption and local production
from renewables.
Smart grids integrate renewable energy inputs
from sun, wind, and tides with the more
constant production from traditional sources
(coal, oil, nuclear). They also send power to
those areas suffering from temporary
disruption, below normal production, or peak
demands.
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What Influences SCEP: Smart Grids
Attributes of a smart grid include:
• reliability, flexibility, and efficiency
• load adjustment and load balancing
• peak curtailment/leveling and time-of-use pricing
• sustainability
• market enabling
• demand response support, and
• a platform for advanced services.
Understanding the nature of the larger grid is critical to local
decision-making for local or microgrid system design.
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Smart Grid Development and Cognitive Computing
Energy companies are already engaging cognitive computing techniques to experience real benefits from smart grids.
Cognitive computing uses computerized models to simulate human thought processes. It imitates human brain behavior
in that it incorporates self-learning systems that use data mining, pattern recognition, and natural language processing.
As per the article “Girding the Grid with Cognitive Computing” by IBM THINK Blog,
• energy companies “leverage the knowledge stored within the information systems to provide insights to virtually any
question or scenario”
• energy companies provide “direct advice to customers through digital channels, learning over time in order to provide
better end user customer service,” and
• “customers can easily monitor and control their monthly utilities consumption to reduce costs and increase efficiency.”
The article continues: “Between 2003 and 2012, grid outages cost the U.S. economy $18 billion by conservative
estimates. However, with cognitive computing, utility companies realize substantial improvements in restoration response
time from advanced forecasting. Combining predictive equipment maintenance, more accurate outage predictions, and
the application of more advanced weather analytics allows energy companies to ensure optimal uptime for the grid and
reduces maintenance and service costs.”
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What Influences SCEP: Microgrids
A microgrid is a small-scale version of a larger (smart) power
grid. It can draw its energy from multiple clean sources such as
wind and solar power, as well as from conventional technology.
A microgrid can be connected to a larger smart grid but can
also work independently.
The ability to work independently from the larger utility grid,
known as islanding, makes the microgrid attractive and
increases community energy resilience and self-reliance.
In the last 10 years, the microgrid has emerged as an
alternative to the local utility and is a growing global energy
business model.
Microgrids have evolved from controlling simple generator
backup systems into sophisticated smart grids that can ensure
reliability, resilience, and energy independence.
Le Anh Dao: CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
* Note the switch that allows the microgrid to connect or disconnect from other
grids
*
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Microgrid Examples
The RMI has reported that the ”Sterling Municipal
Light Department installed a solar-plus-storage
microgrid in the town of Sterling, Massachusetts. The
3 MW solar array and 2 MW/3.9 MWh of battery
storage can keep the town’s police station and
emergency dispatch center running for at least two
weeks in the case of a power outage.” For more
information see this article from Renewable Energy
World.
They also noted that when “the transmission line
feeding Borrego Springs, California, was damaged by
lightning, San Diego Gas and Electric used
the Borrego Springs 26 MW solar microgrid to power
the entire community of 2,800—preventing what
would have otherwise been a 10-hour power outage.”
San Diego Gas and Electric analyzed the success of
the project in a paper: “Borrego Springs Microgrid
Demonstration Project.”
Marcbela: Public domain via Wikimedia Commons
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Microgrid Examples
New Orleans is establishing two microgrids as a means of
enhancing emergency services and improving water
infrastructure and resource management in one specific district.
As one aspect of developing the Gentilly Resilience District,
reported in Microgrid Media, the two planned microgrids are to
provide emergency backup power in the event of disasters, as
well as to power water pumps and electricity for Dillard
University and the University of New Orleans. One microgrid will
also provide electricity to a nearby water pumping station, gas
station, pharmacy, bank, library branch, and post office.
The article continues, saying that the University of New Orleans
microgrid is to power canal pumps as well as the campus and is
envisioned as serving as an emergency shelter that offers food,
health, and pharmacy services, etc.
The microgrids are one of a number of initiatives intended to make
this New Orleans district more resilient. The other initiatives focus
on controlling flooding and stormwater. This image is of a proposed
water garden that will manage stormwater as well as provide
recreation space.
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What SCEP Influences: SCP
Every aspect of community operation has an energy component, and energy planning must be integrated with all other
aspects of community planning. There are numerous synergies between all of these plans and no one plan can be
developed in isolation. Using an integrated design process (IDP) will identify and leverage these synergies.
Reducing the energy needs in all sectors is a major first step in increasing the viability of renewables in SCEP. In
addition, water can require large amounts of energy to process, but it can also produce energy; waste can either be an
energy drain or an energy source. Working across sectors to identify how to translate energy labilities into energy assets
is a critical activity in successful SCEP.
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What SCEP Influences
With effective community SCEP as a framework, a neighborhood or district is empowered to better participate in the most
beneficial energy initiatives and projects such as these:
The 2030 Challenge sets district goals and targets for energy production and reduction with the overall objective of
creating districts where all new buildings, developments, and major renovations shall be carbon-neutral by 2030. Fifteen
major American and Canadian cities are participating in this initiative.
The EcoDistricts Initiative is a district planning approach with a specific framework that residents and businesses use to
identify and implement practices to lessen impact on the environment and improve quality of life.
Other approaches embrace moving away from vulnerable centralized sources of water and energy or, as stated by
Michigan public radio’s The Next Idea project, “The Next Idea is to transition away from centralized infrastructure to create
distributed systems mimicking nature.”
The Living Community Challenge strives for neighborhood or district independence. Their energy objective is that a
proposed community will rely solely on renewable forms of energy and operate year-round in a pollution-free manner, and
prioritize reductions and optimization before technological solutions are applied to eliminate wasteful spending.
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Site Planning Example
The orientation and spacing of homes and the creation of a central
green in this community were all predicated on the energy system
needs.
Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC), Okotoks, Alberta, Canada, is
a planned neighborhood “that has successfully integrated Canadian
energy-efficient technologies with a renewable, unlimited energy
source—the sun…DLSC is heated by a district system designed to
store abundant solar energy underground during the summer months
and distribute the energy to each home for space heating needs
during winter months.”
The carport rooftops collect the solar energy with solar panels and
store it in underground boreholes during the summer. A central green
was created on top of the storage area, and the adjacent community
energy center then distributes heat from the underground source, as
well as its own short-term storage tanks, to the homes in the winter.
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There are a number of other communities worldwide
in which all buildings are oriented towards the sun in
order to optimize solar systems.
The Vauban district in Freiburg, Germany, is one of
those communities with sun-facing homes and is
composed of some 2,000 homes on a 90-acre site.
As illustrated in this image, most of the homes are
oriented due south in order that their roofs can be
used efficiently to produce electrical energy (parking is
in a perimeter multistory parking structure).
These homes produce more electricity than they need
(they are net positive), and the excess energy is used
for other community functions.
Andrew Glass: CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia
Site Planning Example
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Site Planning Example
Another aspect of site planning influenced by energy
considerations is building form and shading. Tall buildings can
obstruct the ability of shorter ones to optimize their access to the
sun; building heights and spacing should reflect this principle.
In cases where some shading is unavoidable, taller buildings
should be given the role to gather energy for those who cannot do
it for themselves.
The tall building in the right-hand portion of this image of a retrofit
project in Sweden does just that, and it delivers hot water and
solar energy to the shorter ones.
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What SCEP Influences: Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater
Management
The “Energy-Water Nexus: The Water Sector’s Energy Use”
report of 2014 notes that “in a 2002 report, the Electric Power
Research Institute (EPRI) estimated that 4% of the nation’s
electricity use goes towards moving and treating water and
wastewater by public and private entities.”
In 2016, when additional federal and state drinking water
treatment regulations came into effect, the energy used for
water treatment was estimated to be at more than 100 million
kWh per day*, an increase of 30% over 1996 levels.
*Ironically, it takes a lot of water to produce the energy used to
treat water. This amount of electricity equals roughly 10 times
the production of the Hoover Dam, which produces 4.2 billion
kWh/year on average.
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What SCEP Influences: Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater
Management
Encouraging or legislating on-site rainwater
infiltration and detention reduces the energy
needed to pump and process it through a
municipal system.
Capturing, storing, and reusing rainwater for
nonpotable uses such as toilet flushing, car
washing, irrigation, and firefighting means that
processed water does not need to be used for
such purposes; this in turn means that less
energy is needed to fulfill community water
needs.
Water conservation programs also reduce the
energy required to treat water.
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What SCEP Influences: Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater
Management
Solid human waste in wastewater contains a gas with a high
methane content. Methane is both a potent greenhouse gas as
well as a useful fuel. Capturing it and using it has the double
benefit of reducing both the amount of resources needed and
the emissions coming from the gas.
Methane can also be recovered from the solid waste stream
and used as an energy source.
As well, water discharged from homes and commercial and
industrial operations contains heat. This heat can be recovered
and used to heat buildings. The entire project of Millennium
Village, a mixed-use neighborhood of 1100 high-rise units in
Vancouver, British Columbia (image), is heated with heat
recovered from the municipal sewer system.
The Challenge Series chapter “Energy” provides a complete
description of energy systems at Millennium Village.
Flickr upload CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia
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What SCEP Influences: Transportation Planning
There are two energy aspects to transportation. The first is the
type and amount of energy required to move public commercial
and private vehicles.
Many cities use electric streetcars and hybrid buses, but the
city of Calgary, Alberta, based their entire light rail transit (LRT)
system, called Ride the Wind, on the creation of a dedicated
wind source energy facility.
A power generation and wholesale marketing company entered
into a contract with a retail green energy company who agreed
to deliver the wind power to the LRT. Ten new wind turbines
were financed, constructed, owned, and operated by the
wholesale company, and the new wind turbines started
delivering clean wind power in August 2001.
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What SCEP Influences: Transportation Planning
The second aspect is the imminent domination of electric vehicles (EVs), autonomous
vehicles, and shared (Uber-style) vehicles.
Predictions vary slightly as to when EVs will form the majority of vehicles on the road, but
sales of electric vehicles jumped by 37% in the United States in 2016, and some analysts
say that globally, electric cars will make up at least half of all new vehicle sales by 2040.
Some predictions say there could be as many as 2.9 million electric vehicles on the road
by 2021. For more reading, Rocky Mountain Institute has a free report titled “From Gas to
Grid: Building Charging Infrastructure to Power Electric Vehicle,” which discusses EV
benefits and infrastructure.
The real take-off for EVs is expected in the second half of the 2020s due to plunging lithium-ion battery prices, which
are set to fall by more than 70% by 2030. GM plans to have a total of 20 electric car models by 2021.
Tesla has already overtaken Ford in market value, China said it wants alternative fuel vehicles to account for at least
20% of the 35 million annual vehicle sales projected by 2025, and India is considering electrifying all vehicles in the
country by 2032.
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What SCEP Influences: Transportation Planning
In essence, the era of electric transportation is here.
While cars dominate the dialogue, there are also
significant advances in electric trucks, light rail transit
(LRT), and high-speed trains such as the magnetic lift
train in Shanghai (image), which can reach 240 mph.
High-speed rail is considered by many as a serious
alternative to inefficient, short-haul intercity air traffic.
SCEP would include planning the necessary type and
amount of electric infrastructure for these modes of
travel and determining which clean/sustainable energy
sources should be used to power them.
In this article, “Utilities Should Charge Into Electric
Vehicles,” Bloomberg suggests that electrical demand
could increase by as much as 20%. Andreas Krebs: CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia
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What SCEP Influences: Municipal Solid Waste Management
There are also two distinct energy aspects in regards to waste: the
energy required to collect and process/recycle waste, and the
energy available from waste (waste to energy).
Municipal solid waste (MSW) requires enormous amounts of
energy to transport, recycle, or incinerate. Composting programs
can reduce this energy demand, and more and more compostable
products are being developed. Yard waste and food waste (the
most readily compostable components of MSW) together account
for about 25% of all waste, and paper products (also compostable)
another 25%.
Recycling saves energy when compared to the energy required to
make the product initially or again. Recycling aluminum products
saves 94% of the energy that would be required to produce the
aluminum from ore. The EPA has produced a tool called the
Individual Waste Reduction Model (iWARM) Tool that helps
compute just how much energy is saved.
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What SCEP Influences: Municipal Solid Waste Management
There are numerous waste-to-energy technologies now available.
Incineration, the combustion of organic material to produce heat or
steam, is the most common. Incinerators convert only about 14–28% of
the energy they consume for burning back into electricity. In order to
avoid losing the rest of the energy, it can be used for district
heating (cogeneration). The total efficiencies of cogeneration
incinerators are typically higher than 80% (based on the lower heating
value of the waste).
As described by the Energy Information Agency (EIA): “MSW is usually
burned at special waste-to-energy plants that use the heat from the fire
to make steam for generating electricity or to heat buildings. In 2015,
71 waste-to-energy power plants and four other power plants burned
MSW in the United States. These plants burned about 29 million tons of
MSW in 2015 and generated nearly 14 million MWh. (A community of
80,000 may generate 128,000 tons of MSW and require 65 MWh of
power annually.) The biomass materials in the MSW that were burned
in these power plants accounted for about 64% of the weight of the
MSW and contributed about 51% of the energy.”
National Energy Educational Development Program: CC BY SA 4.0
via Wikipedia
Waste-to-energy plant
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What SCEP Influences: Municipal Solid Waste Management
Waste-to-energy includes methane extraction from landfill for fuel, incineration/gasification of municipal waste to create
heat and hot water, and the use of biomass “waste” as fuel in district systems. The Clean Air Act requires landfills of a
certain size to install and operate a landfill gas collection and control system. Many large landfills also generate electricity
by using the methane gas that is produced from decomposing biomass in landfills. This EPA page explains this
technique: Landfill Gas and Biogas
There are also a number of other waste-to-energy options that are possible:
• Gasification produces combustible gas, hydrogen, and synthetic fuels.
• Thermal depolymerization produces synthetic crude oil, which can be further refined.
• Pyrolysis produces combustible tar/bio-oil and chars (the solid material that remains after light gases (e.g., coal gas)
and tar have been driven out or released from a carbonaceous material during the initial stage of combustion)
• Plasma arc gasification or plasma gasification process (PGP) produces rich syngas including hydrogen and carbon
monoxide usable for fuel cells or generating electricity to drive the plasma arch, usable vitrified silicate and metal
ingots, salt, and sulphur.
• Anaerobic digestion produces biogas rich in methane.
• Fermentation production examples are ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen.
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What SCEP Influences: Building Energy Efficiency and Zoning
According to the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI), one of the leading
experts on energy issues, energy reduction is always the most effective
approach to creating “new” energy.
This includes recapturing energy through building retrofit as well as the
construction of new, high-efficiency buildings. The potential of energy
recapture is perhaps most graphically illustrated by the five-year retrofit of
the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), which saved more than
enough energy to operate a new 50-story hotel added to the site (to the
right of the tower).
The level of energy efficiency can be mandated or rewarded through
performance zoning, which awards density bonuses or other incentives for
efficient projects.
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RECAP: Sustainable community energy plans are being impacted by events happening on a global scale,
such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, increased investment and advancement in renewable
technology, and the power of cities to make change. Local and regional uptake of renewables, alternative
methods of energy generation, and the need for energy security and resilience influence SCEP, and in turn,
SCEP influences other types of community plans, like waste, transportation, and zoning.
REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review question before moving on to the answers on the next
slide:
❑ A number of benefits beyond reduced energy use could be goals within SCEP. Can you list a few?
?
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Greater community resilience, reduced waste to landfills, improved air quality, lower operating costs, improved
appeal to clean businesses, lower noise levels. A
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The SCEP ProcessDeveloping a Sustainable Resilient Community Energy System
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Introduction
SCEP has evolved from the traditional CEP approach of
focusing on supply-side needs based on straight line
projections of current usage to that of prioritizing reduced
demand that can be met with local sources as much as
possible.
Relying on continually expanding supplies of imported
conventional energy is no longer a feasible strategy for most
communities as conventional energy supplies, particularly fossil
fuels, are rapidly depleting in magnitude and rising in cost.
In addition, the environmental impacts of conventional energy
sources and distribution are impacting human health, food
production, and climate. In a sustainable community energy
plan, all natural sources (sun, wind, water, earth) are included
and all energy aspects of the community are integrated into one
plan. The buildings and processes acquire a role in energy
production and distribution.
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Introduction
SCEP embraces energy production, distribution, and
security as well as community health. It analyzes the
viability of supplying energy with smaller, local, renewable
sources, prioritizes those sources whose usage would
have a further community benefit such as reducing waste
or emissions, and integrates them into a delivery system
that uses efficient techniques such as district cogeneration
systems.
In order to ensure proper plan implementation and
management, SCEP must also incorporate a
comprehensive community education/awareness strategy.
The following slides outline some basic steps by which a
SCEP process could be developed, but each community
should customize them to suit their own circumstances.Diagrammatic SCEP. Note the integration of sun, wind, waste, and
polluting sources as energy sources in a single system.
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Step 1: Establish an Integrated Multidisciplinary Team
As previously noted, there is an energy aspect to every
facet of community behavior and operation. It follows that
a proper team would include representation from every
one of those aspects.
Identify the organizations and individuals who need to be
involved in SCEP creation and implementation such as
government agencies, utilities, local industry, planners,
architects, engineers, developers, contractors,
manufacturers, etc.
The team should be coordinated by a facilitator and
should also include project leaders and specialists as
well as all stakeholders. Stakeholders include anyone
who would affect or be affected by an energy plan,
including those who may have objections or concerns.
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Step 2: Create an Integrated Process
Because such a team could include a large number of people and
numerous interests, it must be structured and managed efficiently. The
most effective approach is called the integrated design process (IDP).
For more on IDP, the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built
Environment (iiSBE) produced a document titled “The Integrated
Design Process; History and Analysis.”
The IDP contrasts with a traditional, linear design process wherein one
design leader dictates to other specialists in that it uses numerous
feedback loops and simultaneous lateral dialogue between all parties.
While this process has traditionally been associated with green building
design, it is just as effective for any complex planning exercise. The
IDP has been repeatedly shown to produce the most innovative
integrated solutions and the most significant overall cost savings.
There are a number of online guidelines such as this one by the
International Energy Association, which details how this process works.
The image is of one IDP subteam, which is designing a
community energy system for the award-winning Benny
Farm Project. This group, which consisted of 14
stakeholders from three general groups, created a
community owned and operated geothermal-based
district system that dropped energy costs and
consumption by 50% and that paid for itself by savings
in a decade.
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Sample Integrated Solution
Toronto had a problem: Zebra mussels, an invasive species, were
seriously clogging up the water intake for this city of three million.
The private and public sectors collaborated on a solution as follows:
• A private sector energy utility financed and built a three-pipe intake
out into the frigid lake and sunk it to a level where water
temperatures remain at 4˚C year round; the mussels cannot
survive at this temperature.
• This very cold water is also very clean.
• The city uses this water as its potable water source.
• The energy utility uses the coolth of this water (but not the water
itself) in a citywide district cooling system that eliminated the need
for numerous existing cooling towers.
• This one solution addressed multiple environmental issues, solved
a major problem for the city without their investment, made a profit
for the energy utility, and lowered costs for many major building
owners and operators.
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Step 3: Establish a Vision
The energy vison should be aligned with the broader community
vision. It serves to establish a common understanding amongst all
participants as to the energy direction being followed. A common
understanding from the very outset of the planning process is critical
to the success of SCEP. The visioning exercise should examine the
economics, social benefits, and the risks of inaction.
One example is this excerpt from the Lloyd District EcoDistrict plan,
which is described in detail later on:
Overall vision: “The Lloyd EcoDistrict is a place where businesses, residents,
government agencies, and nonprofits all share a vision: to build the most
sustainable living and working district in North America. This vision defines
sustainability as starting with a strong, vibrant, and growing local economy.”
Energy plan vision: “This Energy Action Plan is an example of our
commitment to find creative solutions regarding efficient energy consumption in
order to meet our goal of ‘no net increase’ (in the Lloyd district) in energy
use by 2035.”
The Lloyd district in Portland, Oregon
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Step 3: Establish a Vision
It is important to engage the public and use discussions to
define a timeline (20–30 years). From the broader vision,
use a process known as backcasting to build a detailed,
long-term plan and establish short-term actions:
• Develop a strategy of defined steps, targets, and
indicators
• Work with ever-increasing detail towards the present
day
• Review progress regularly (using indicators)
• Adapt and refine the plan, and
• Publicize the process and the plan.
Backcasting is a method of planning for the future by
working backwards from a desired future end-point to
determine current policies, targets, and actions. For
additional reading, see “The Essence of Backcasting” by
Karl H. Dreborg.
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Step 4: Assess Current and Future Energy Usage
Study and share an understanding of the existing situation. In
order to proceed, it is important to know where to start.
Collect and analyze data on:
• current energy use, supply, and distribution
• future sustainable sources (wind, earth, sun, water, building
stock, commercial operations, waste streams, etc.)
• local, state, regional, and utility policies, plans, projects, and
programs, and
• human and organizational resources.
The Department of Energy (DOE) has a tool called the CESP
Tool 4.1: Energy Data Calculation and Summary Tool, which
can assist.
U.S. DOE Public Domain via Wikimedia
A chart similar to this could be constructed to show local usage
patterns and history.
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Step 4: Assess Current and Future Energy Usage
Ask:
• What are the per capita energy use trends?
• Are these trends changing?
• What are the energy source trends and costs?
• Is the population increasing, decreasing, or stable?
• Is it aging?
• Will (or should) the development pattern of the
community change?
• Are major industrial energy users likely to
expand or contract or change their methods?
• Are any new major expansions or replacement of
municipal infrastructure planned? Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Public domain via Wikimedia
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Step 5: Set Targets, Indicators, and Goals
This step includes:
• developing clear and measurable goals
• identifying strategies for achieving goals
• integrating input from stakeholders
• publicizing goals and strategies
• determining the business-as-usual case
• calculating the technical and economic potential
• benchmarking against other communities, and
• consulting with the local community.
This is a benchmarking diagram for Whistler comparing it to other similar
communities.
Quantify the vision by using the baseline condition of the community to set targets and indicators predicated on a
combination of current technology and predicted advances, community capacity to achieve future targets, and the
community’s own environmental carrying capacity. Examples of potential goals include: municipal operations reducing
energy usage by X% within Y years, new energy supplies being “clean” (i.e., minimal or no pollution), and the
community becoming energy self-reliant in Z years.
Benchmarking can be a powerful tool and more information can be found in this article, “How Benchmarking Data Can
Help Cities Meet Climate Goals.”
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Step 6: Identify and Prioritize Actions
Identify the programs and projects needed to realize SCEP:
• Look for lessons learned and best practices from other jurisdictions,
especially those with similar climate, energy prices, and
demographics.
• Ensure that they support SCEP goals.
• Be realistic.
• Identify policies, programs, and projects to consider.
• Rank ideas and projects against the triple-bottom-line and
community priorities as SCEP goals and strategies.
• Develop a schedule.
• Take into account community priorities and values, and
• Resolve all conflicts of interest.
An example of a tool used to rank ideas and prioritize actions, the EPA
has created CESP Tool 6.1: Sample Scoring Form for Prioritizing
Actions shown at right.
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Step 7: Develop a Financing Strategy
This step can overlap other steps and should begin early. The
availability and nature of financing opportunities can inform
energy assessment and the prioritization of actions. Plan to:
• identify opportunities to pay for actions within the plan; this
will increase the likelihood that they will actually be
implemented
• understand financial requirements for different types of
energy actions
• identify potential financing and funding sources
• design a suite of mechanisms for proposed SCEP actions,
and
• finalize financing strategy as a part of the implementation
process.
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Step 8: Implement the Plan and Monitor Progress
Plan to:
• integrate procedures for monitoring, evaluation, reporting, and updating into an
implementation strategy
• establish indicators* and collect data
• measure indicators on a regular basis to determine the effectiveness of programs
and projects
• modify programs and projects where necessary to achieve the desired end results,
and
• report to the community and celebrate successes.
*Indicators are tools that measure progress towards or away from goals, and they serve as the basis for setting targets,
e.g., per capita or total community energy usage.
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Step 9: Publish and Publicize Final SCEP
It is important that the full community be aware of the direction
that SCEP is taking and its implications on energy creation,
consumption, and distribution. Build a content outline and
skeleton of the plan while completing the later planning steps,
and at the same time, create a public engagement strategy.
After finalization of SCEP, a swift adoption and kick-off will
keep momentum going beyond initial implementation. Plan to
publicize the adoption and kick-off of SCEP.
Finally, use ongoing effective communication and public
relations strategies to keep SCEP visible.
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RECAP: SCEP embraces energy production, distribution, and security and community health and increasingly
focuses on energy conservation versus energy supply. SCEP must be integrated with SCP and in itself
leverage the benefits of a multidisciplinary integrated design process. There are now a number of tools that
can assist with the SCEP process.
REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review questions before moving on to the answers on the next
slide:
❑ Why is the IDP considered so successful a method to use in complex design processes?
❑ When should community engagement strategies be initiated and terminated?
?
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❑ The IDP facilitates the consideration of all points of view before irreversible decisions are made. It has
also proved to generate the most innovative solutions and to identify the most significant cost savings.
❑ Community engagement should be initiated at the beginning of the SCEP process, be part of every phase,
and continue past the formal launch of the plan with regular updates.
A
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Energy Demand and Supply Management
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques
In the U.S., 30 times more energy has come from conservation
methods than from renewables since 1975.
Reducing usage has the immediate benefit of reducing costs.
This fact in particular can play a significant role in the
development and acceptance of effective energy demand
reduction strategies.
One of the more immediate and most cost-effective demand-
side energy management strategies that can be taken is to
persuade energy users to change their energy use behaviors.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Passive Strategies
No matter which technology is used to save or produce energy, it is always a priority to optimize the opportunity for the
integration of natural reduction strategies such as passive heating, natural cooling, windbreaks, and vegetation for
shading and lowering of surface temperatures. For instance, appropriate orientation, as illustrated earlier, benefits both
active and passive strategies.
These basics can be encouraged/rewarded/mandated through form-based codes, performance zoning, and specific site
plan ordinances. The Form Based Codes Institute is a good place to read further on this technique. This article, “Braving
the New World of Performance-Based Zoning,” provides further reading on zoning that is more interested in how
buildings relate to each other and shape the streetscape.
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Passive Cooling Example
A B C
The new city of Masdar in Abu Dhabi illustrates how passive cooling strategies can be upscaled to a neighborhood or
municipal scale. This city A) is lifted above the desert to catch breezes, B) utilizes a large cooling tower to draw cool air
downward, and C) is composed of narrow, well-oriented streets that shade themselves and accelerate these breezes.
The practice of orienting and sizing streets to collect and accelerate breezes is ancient.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Building Certification
Performance zoning, as noted earlier, is a tool with which a community can lower building energy needs by rewarding or
mandating certain building performance levels in zoning ordinances. In addition to the well-known LEED ® program, there
are other standards such as BREEAM, Green Globes, and ENERGY STAR® that can be referenced in such zoning.
There are also various building types that can be referenced, such as:
• net-zero energy (NZE) buildings that make their own energy. There are now hundreds of such buildings in the U.S.
• living buildings that produce their own energy and treat their own water and waste. The Living Future Institute covers
this topic thoroughly.
• passive house structures, described on the Passive House Institute website, which require 80–90% less energy to
operate. Cornell University will construct a 26-story building to this standard on Roosevelt Island in NYC, and
• net positive buildings that produce more energy than they need. The new Rocky Mountain Institute headquarters
building produces enough energy for itself as well as six electric cars.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques
Other energy demand-side management (DSM) techniques include the following:
• Energy audits: Provide energy audits for houses, buildings, and industrial facilities to identify energy saving
opportunities. Subsidize cost of audits to increase uptake.
• Financial incentives: Set energy prices to encourage energy conservation or shifting energy use to off-peak periods.
Offer tax breaks or credits to encourage investment in energy efficiency measures and provide low-interest loans or
grants to homeowners, building owners, and industrial operations to reduce the cost of energy efficiency
improvements.
• Technical support: Provide or subsidize energy engineering consulting services for all sectors.
• Building codes: Implement or strengthen energy efficiency codes for new construction and major renovation.
• Energy labeling: Rate, label, and publicize the energy efficiency of houses, buildings, appliances, and equipment.
• Utility regulation: Mandate that energy service providers must achieve certain targets for energy efficiency.
Disconnect utility profits from increased sales of energy.
• Improved generation and distribution: Seek gains in efficiency in the generation, transmission, and local
distribution of electricity. At least 7% of generated electricity is lost during long-distance transmission; local production
reduces this loss.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques
DSM techniques also include:
• public awareness campaigns
• education programs in schools (children learn easily and influence their
parents’ behavior)
• free advice on low-cost/no-cost reduction techniques
• pricing energy at its true cost of production (removing subsidies)
• informing people about the cost savings and other benefits
• real-time feedback on actual energy consumption. A power cost monitor
is an affordable device that can be attached to an existing electrical
power meter to allow the homeowner to monitor their energy
consumption in real time. This not only raises awareness of energy use
and its costs, it also allows the homeowner to shut down unnecessary
energy uses.
• grants and loans for part or all of a package of energy efficiency
measures, and
• online quizzes.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: District Energy Systems
District energy systems are used in many countries and cities and have
proved to be a most efficient method of distributing the energy needs in a
community. When the central plant generates heating and/or cooling, hot
water, and electricity in one operation (cogeneration) or trigeneration (also
called combined cooling, heat, and power or CCHP), the efficiency is
raised even further.
Utilization of “waste” heat through cogeneration can create a system
efficiency of up to 89%, whereas generating electricity from fossil fuels
has an efficiency of just 30% to 40%. Residential developments must be
at least 30 dwellings per hectare (12 UPA) to be suitable for a district
energy distribution system.
A senior and family housing high-rise in a mixed-use complex for 10,000
in Toronto, Ontario, was designed to house a district energy system,
which provides 30 MW of heating, 4,500 tons of cooling, and electricity to
50 buildings and which has the ability to incorporate a variety of energy
sources.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Thermal Imagery
Vancouver, Canada, where 31% of all GHG emissions come from
energy leaks in detached homes, recently launched a Thermal Imaging
Pilot Program to raise awareness regarding energy loss and the need
for, and viability of, retrofit.
Low-detail thermal images of detached homes were collected in four
neighborhoods, and free thermal images were then mailed to the
approximately 3,000 homes with the greatest opportunity for energy
savings with the aim of encouraging homeowners to make energy-
focused retrofits.
The images were explained as follows:
“A thermal image is a picture of the heat that comes off of an object—the bright
yellow shows heat; the dark blue shows cool areas of a home. The information
gained from a thermal image can help you pinpoint insulation, moisture, and air
leakage issues so you can plan for upgrades wisely. The insight from this pilot will
help us determine whether to roll out the project citywide.”
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Home Energy Scores
In addition to the traditional methods, major real estate platforms
now feature energy data in their listings; an increasing number of
prominent online real estate platforms now have an energy or utility
score. Purchasers can find out the expected energy use of any home
in the U.S. before they buy. This immediately and drastically scales
up the availability of total cost of homeownership (of which about
25% is for utilities) estimates on every single-family home.
Integrating energy data into listings is one critical step toward
unlocking the residential home energy performance and improving
the energy market nationwide. It raises energy usage and cost to the
level of mortgage payments as a consideration for home purchase.
81% of people who expect to buy a new home in the next two years
say higher energy efficiency would cause them to choose one home
over another. This creation of visible value should extend to
conversations with real estate agents whose education and training
can be part of an energy management strategy. An example of a utility score from myutilityscore.com.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Home Energy Scores
The City of Portland home energy score ordinance took effect on
January 1, 2018. It requires sellers of single-family homes to disclose a
home energy report and score at time of listing.
As described by Portland, “this new policy will require people publicly
selling single-family homes to obtain a home energy report (which
includes a home energy score) from an authorized home energy
assessor. Complying with the policy takes two simple steps: getting the
home energy score and showing the home energy score in any listing
or public posting about the house.”
Berkeley, California, has a similar ordinance in place.
Home energy assessments range in price from $150 to $250, take
about an hour, and include 70 pieces of information on building
components such as insulation, windows, and appliances.
Mark Moz: CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Financing
Publicizing and utilizing assistive financial tools is a significant aspect of energy demand reduction management and
leads to greater uptake of any program.
Government entities are finding new ways to account for the value of energy performance, typically with niche market
products like the Fannie May renovation mortgage or the Federal Housing Administration’s (FHA’s) Energy Efficient
Mortgage.
The 2016 National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) survey reaffirmed that energy-saving features in a newly
constructed home have risen to the top of mind for buyers, who are willing to spend “on average, an additional $10,732
on the up-front price of a home to save on utility costs.” This is a significant change in priorities from the era where a hot
tub or swimming pool was usually chosen over energy upgrades.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Financing
Local governments are also expanding the applicability of residential property
assessed clean energy (R-PACE) financing, which is a special application that
has already financed energy efficiency retrofits in over 158,000 homes in
California, Florida, and Missouri.
R-PACE can also deliver new net-zero energy (NZE) homes at no additional up-
front cost, while also offering their homeowners $1,635 in average energy savings
year-on-year. Net-zero buildings have experienced a boom in popularity recently.
A report from the New Buildings Institute states that “the count of NZE buildings
across the United States and Canada has increased by 700% since 2010, and
encompasses 45 million square feet of commercial building space.”
With a potential incremental market opportunity of over $33 billion by 2037, NZE
residences offer favorable outcomes to homeowners and real estate developers,
while also benefitting the economy and the environment. Leading states and
cities have an opportunity to invest in scaling NZE development by enabling R-
PACE for new construction.Mattgrocoff: CC BY-SA 3,0 via Wikimedia Commons
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Financing
This 70,000-square-foot, 44-unit condo and theater building was the first
building in Canada to use a Green Loan™ to leverage life cycle operating cost
savings from energy efficiency in order to invest in cost-saving green
technologies and design approaches.
The project was built to LEED Platinum® standards, and this resulted in a 5%
construction cost increase. (Orienting the building properly was the most
effective energy demand management principle used.) This amount was
financed by a separate loan, and the reduction in operating costs more than
compensated for the cost of this loan.
When residents first moved in, the total cost was the same as other buildings in
this area, but once the loan was quickly paid off, total costs dropped
dramatically and have remained low permanently. Other projects have since
used a similar approach.
LEED® is the preeminent program for the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of high-performance green buildings.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Financing
Net-zero leases
Boulder Commons, a 100,000-square-foot commercial building, utilized solar photovoltaics, daylighting, and energy-
efficient design to become a net-zero building.
More importantly, perhaps, is its use of the one-of-a-kind net-zero lease, which helps the developer control and recoup
any costs for energy systems. This lease allocates a budget for factors such as energy use or transportation that could
make or break the development’s ability to meet energy demands through on-site renewable energy sources (in this
case, a 596 kW PV system) on an annual basis.
Tenants are incentivized to stay within its plug load energy budget of 7 kBtu/ft2. If they exceed this budget, they will be
charged a fee to offset this overage with renewable energy certificates (RECs) and be required to meet with the landlord
to discuss ways to more proactively manage energy use. This establishes a win-win scenario because tenants have full
control over how this energy budget is allocated and managed through plug loads, and the developer can more
accurately size its PV system because it knows what types of loads to expect.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Financing
Community choice energy programs (CCEs)
CCEs allow the community to choose its energy supplier, often offering electricity with significantly more renewables at a
competitive price. CCEs can also support communities going carbon zero, provide local jobs, and increase resilience.
Almost all of the cities and counties in the San Francisco area either have already started, have joined, or are planning
on creating community choice energy programs.
Examples include the following:
• Marin Clean Energy’s microgrid program helped Marin College partner with Tesla.
• Sonoma Clean Power actively promotes electric vehicles.
• Lancaster Choice Energy (LCE) helped Antelope Valley Transit transition to a 100% electric bus fleet.
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Financing
Revolving climate funds
The Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF) was established in 1991 with a $23 million
endowment from the sale of a city-owned property. Council created this unique agency
to finance local initiatives to combat global warming and improve air quality in Toronto.
The TAF is a nonprofit corporation that manages the endowment and uses their
investment revenue to pursue and find projects.
TAF has supported numerous major commercial energy retrofits and new construction
projects (it also has a green condo loan program), home renovation projects, transit
projects, climate change research, and benchmarking projects.
Similar funds include the New York City Energy Efficiency Corporation (NYCEEC),
the London Green Fund (LGF), the Sustainable Melbourne Fund (SMF), and
the Renew Boston Trust.
Taxiarchos228 Free Documentation License
via Wikimedia
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Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Financing
There are a number of other financial mechanisms available including direct subsidy programs for solar technology, and
co-op purchasing groups who negotiate lower pricing for multiple installations.
The article “5 Ways that City-Focused Climate Funds Drive Building Energy Efficiency” by RMI describes more about the
barriers to financing, the benefits to a community, and various options.
The U.S. DOE also supplies a lot of information on the numerous green financing options available.
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Energy Supply Management: Prioritizing Renewables
PV and wind are the best known sources of
renewable energy, but any energy supply
management strategy should examine a wide range
of possibilities, especially those that may be unique to
a specific context (tidal power, geothermal sources,
etc.).
Selection should prioritize those sources whose
usage would have a further community benefit such
as reducing waste or emissions and those
approaches that are the most cost effective (see
adjacent chart).
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING & NATURAL COOLING
ENERGY CONSERVATION / ENERGY EFFICIENCY
WASTE NORMALLY REQUIRING
TREATMENT USED AS A FUEL
ENERGY NORMALLY
RELEASED INTO THE ENVIRONMET
SOLAR THERMAL
RENEWABLE
ELECTRIC
Increasing
Cost
Increasing
Cost
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Energy Supply Management: Prioritizing Renewables
RETScreen: A renewable energy technology
screening tool
RETScreen is a Clean Energy Management
Software system for energy efficiency, renewable
energy, and cogeneration project feasibility analysis
and ongoing energy performance analysis developed
by the Canadian government.
This tool provides the initial evaluation of the technical
and financial viability of renewable energy technologies
for a specific location.
This tool may be downloaded for free at:
http://www.retscreen.net/.
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Energy Supply Management: Renewable Energy Types
Approximately half of the global energy supply is expected to be from renewables in 2040. The most significant
development in renewable energy production is predicted to be in PV between 2001 and 2040. PV systems and wind
energy are technologies with annual growth rates of more than 30% during recent years, and they will become more
significant in the future. PV, which grew by over 50% in 2016 alone, is expected to become the largest renewable
electricity source with a production of 25.1% of global power generation in 2040.
Biomass is the most used renewable energy (heat and power) source now and is expected to be in the future.
The potential of sustainable large hydro is quite limited to some regions in the world. The potential for small hydro (< 10
MW power) is still significant and will be more significant in the future. Geothermal and solar thermal sources will also
become more important energy sources for the future.
There are an increasing number of installations that capture tidal and wave energy for some coastal communities. The
following slides illustrate some of the more commonly available renewable energy sources.
Please remember the exam password TRANSITION. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the
online examination.
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Energy Supply Management: Waste-to-Energy Gasification
Plasco conversion technologies convert postrecycling municipal solid waste into electricity through a unique, energy-
efficient gasification process. Waste is not incinerated and no landfill is required.
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Energy Supply Management: Waste-to-Energy Incineration
According to their website,
The Wheelabrator Baltimore energy-from-waste facility uses up to
2,250 tons of postrecycled everyday waste from Baltimore area
homes and businesses as a local, sustainable fuel to generate as
much as 65 MW of clean, renewable electricity for sale to the local
utility—the equivalent of supplying the electrical needs of 40,000
Maryland homes as well as its own operations.
In addition to providing the power for Baltimore area homes, the plant
also provides steam to the downtown district heating loop, which
serves more than 230 businesses including the M&T Bank Stadium. It
uses local waste as fuel to create a local energy ecosystem that
recycles metals, provides power, reduces the need for landfill, and
lowers CO2 emissions.
Mike MC Caffery: CC BY SA-2.0 via Wikimedia
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Energy Supply Management: Capture Normally Lost Energy
Recover heat from cooling water used for power plants, chillers, or industrial
applications. Heat captured from the refrigeration systems for ice rinks is often
used to heat adjacent swimming pools in community recreation centers.
Utilizing gas that is normally flared is also another energy recovery option.
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Energy Supply Management: Landfill Gas
Decomposing waste in landfills produces landfill gas, a
mixture of about half methane and half carbon dioxide.
Methane is generally felt to be at least 20 times more
effective in trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon
dioxide over a 100-year period.
Sources of methane include human-influenced sources such
as landfills, natural gas and petroleum systems, agricultural
activities, coal mining, stationary and mobile combustion,
wastewater treatment, and certain industrial process.
Landfills are the third largest source of human-
made methane emissions in the United States. The gas can
be sold off-site and sent into natural gas pipelines.
USA EPA: Public domain via Wikimedia
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Landfill Gas Example
In Delta, British Columbia, methane is purchased by a private utility, and piped 3.5
miles from a landfill to a 70-acre greenhouse where the greenhouse uses the gas to
run a cogenerator to produce the heat needed to raise tomatoes. It only needs the
heat, so it then sells the electricity to the grid.
This reduces their fossil fuel use (and cost) by 20%, nets $150K/year to Vancouver
(landfill owner), produces $80–$110K/year in taxes to Delta (local municipality),
creates electricity for 7,000 homes at a lower cost, and reduces CO2 emissions by
the equivalent of 200,000 tons.
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Energy Supply Management: Biomass
At the end of 2016, there was a global installation of 800 GW
of energy sources based on biomass sources. (The total
energy output of China, the largest energy consumer, is
1800GW.) Biomass is any previously living organic matter, and
it comes in a number of different forms.
Sources include wood waste (dead trees, old shipping pallets,
sawdust, wood chips, wood pellets), plant matter from
agricultural processes, municipal waste, algae, etc.
Sometimes the material is converted to another fuel such as
ethanol, and sometimes it is used directly as fuel itself.
In the small, remote community of Oujé-Bougoumou, Quebec,
“waste” sawdust from a nearby sawmill has been used as fuel
for decades in a central biomass plant that produces heat and
hot water and delivers it through a district energy system to the
entire community.
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Energy Supply Management: Geothermal Systems
The earth maintains a constant temperature of 10.0˚C (50.0˚F) below the
frost line, and this heat can be extracted by a heat pump for building
heating and commercial uses. Geothermal systems are usually also
used for cooling by reversing the pump during the summer to replace the
heat drawn from the ground during the winter.
Geothermal systems use a series of coils laid horizontally or vertically to
extract the heat. The systems can also use well or lake water as a heat
source.
They can be scaled for single homes as shown, multiple building
complexes, neighborhoods, or full communities.
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Energy Supply Management: Geothermal Systems
The viability of geothermal energy is further enhanced when
hot springs are available.
Iceland is perhaps the most well-known for its ability to
capitalize on hot springs, but they exist in many places
including New Zealand, Antarctica, Kenya, the U.S., and the
Yukon.
The Yukon Geothermal Opportunities and Applications Report
describes how the potential of district geothermal systems
utilizing hot springs was analyzed for the Yukon and supplies
some case studies for specific small and remote communities.
There are many places in the U.S. that have hot springs.
Geothermal heat can be utilized for greenhouses and thus
enhance the possibility of year-round fresh vegetables in
climates with an extremely short growing season.
Gujer: CC BY SA 2.0 via Flickr
Haines Junction, Yukon, pop. 800,
uses a community-scale geothermal
hot spring system for the entire
community. This reduces fossil fuel use
by 90%. The municipality sells the heat
at a profit, but residents still save 25%.
In a climate where fuel delivery by
truck can be interrupted by severe
weather, this system remains 100%
reliable.
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Energy Supply Management: Abandoned Mines
Geothermal approaches also include using empty mines for
heat and energy storage. Some mine tunnels and shafts are
filling with water heated as high as 50˚C (122˚F).
The Journal of Energy Sources reports that “flooded former
coal mines in Springhill, Nova Scotia, contain about
4,000,000 m3 of water, which circulates by convection and
may be recovered at the surface at a temperature of about
18˚C (65˚F). The heat in the water is derived from the normal
heat of the rocks, and the contribution from chemical heating
is negligible. Water is pumped from the mines to act as the
primary input to heat pumps for heating and cooling industrial
buildings.”
Other approaches cogenerate and store PV and wind energy
on abandoned mine sites. “Sunshine for Mines: A Second
Life for Legacy Mining Sites” provides more information on
this topic.
RobNS: Public domain via Wikimedia Commons
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Energy Supply Management: Active Solar Technologies
Solar Hot Water: This can provide 30% to 100% of domestic hot water
requirements depending on the climate and water usage.
The installation uses commonly available skills in the construction industry, and
most important, the source of energy is locally provided and free.
Photovoltaics: PV arrays come in many sizes and can also supply 100% of
electrical needs.
PV cells can also be integrated into glazing, roofing, and building cladding.
Solar shingles that generate electricity are also now available.
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RECAP: There are many demand-side management techniques available, and they should be applied prior to
the selection of supply-side solutions. There are also many sources of renewable energy supply, and they
should be examined thoroughly in every context and implemented according to their local viability. There are
currently a number of financing options for the implementation of renewable energy systems.
REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review questions before moving on to the answers on the next
slide:
❑ Name and briefly describe two renewable energy financing options.
❑ Why are energy demand reduction techniques so effective?
?
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❑ The R-PACE program can deliver new net-zero energy homes (NZE) at no additional up-front cost, and
CCEs allow the community to choose its energy supplier and often offer electricity with significantly more
renewables at a competitive price. Other options include net-zero leases or any of the revolving climate
funds listed on slide 87.
❑ Energy demand reduction results in immediate cost savings through less energy needed, and the savings
act as impetus for further action. As evidence, demand reduction has “produced” 30 times more energy
than renewables since 1975.
A
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Sample Plans and Projects
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Arlington, Virginia, SCEP
In 2010, Arlington, Virginia, began the creation of a community
energy plan. From the beginning, this plan was to address
economic competitiveness, energy supply and security, and
environmental commitment.
They discovered by analyzing their energy use and efficiencies
that two-thirds of their energy used was electricity, most of it
was generated by external sources, and 65% was wasted in
generation and transmission. This made the community
vulnerable to grid failure and price volatility.
Arlington County: CC BY SA 2.0 via Wikimedia
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Arlington, Virginia, SCEP
As stated in the plan, their vision was to become a sustainable community and rethink the way they use, generate, and
distribute energy.
SCEP was to mitigate risks by improving the reliability of energy sources by localizing energy generation, reducing price
volatility and the long-term cost of energy through efficiency and diversification, and reducing the environmental impact
of energy.
The plan purposes were to:
• define the energy goals and describe the energy policies to help Arlington remain economically competitive and
environmentally committed, and have secure energy sources, and
• set a carbon emissions target of 3.0 metric tons (mt) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions per capita per
year by 2050, to match current emissions in cities such as Copenhagen.
The plan is organized around goals, policies, strategies, and tools.
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Arlington, Virginia, SCEP: Goal Areas and Supporting Policies
GOAL AREA POLICY
Buildings
Increase the energy and operational efficiency of all buildings. Policy 1 (P1.1): By 2050, residential buildings should use 55% less energy on average (per square
foot) as compared to 2007 levels of energy use (63 kBTU per square foot). Milestones include: 2020:
5% less on average than 2007 levels, 2030: 25% less on average than 2007 levels, 2040: 40% less on
average than 2007 levels.
District Energy
Increase local energy supply and distribution efficiency in Arlington
using district energy.
Policy 1 (P2.1): Facilitate the installation and use of district energy in areas with the highest probability
for district energy (DE). Have at least 450 megawatts (MW) of district energy and 104 MW of combined
heat and power (CHP) by 2050.
Renewables
Increase locally generated energy supply through the use of
renewable energy options.
Policy 1 (P3.1): Become a solar leader with installation and use of 160 megawatts (MW) of solar
electricity by 2050.
Transportation
Refine and expand transportation infrastructure and operations
enhancements.
Policy 1 (P4.1): Reduce the amount of carbon produced from transportation to 1.0 mt CO2e/capita/year
by 2050. Milestones include (vs. 3.7 mt in 2007): 2020: 2.7 mt CO2e/capita/year; 2030: 2.0 mt
CO2e/capita/year; 2040: 1.7 mt CO2e/capita/year.
Supportive goal areas: Government activities: Integrate CEP goals into all county government activities.
Education and human behavior: Advocate and support personal action through behavior changes and effective education.
Source: Arlington Community Energy Plan, pp. 10, 12-15
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Arlington, Virginia, SCEP: Perceived Benefits
Economic competitiveness:
• SCEP can improve economic competitiveness at the local level in several ways, with improved energy efficiency
results lowering utility bills and other benefits to building owners and homeowners.
• Energy efficiency creates new jobs. Every $1 million invested in building energy efficiency improvements supports
approximately 20 jobs.
• Energy efficiency supports economic growth by generating savings.
Environmental commitment:
• Energy efficiency is the cheapest, fastest, and cleanest way to reduce greenhouse gas pollution in the near term.
• Reducing energy usage means cleaner local air, making Arlington a healthier, more pleasant place to live and work.
Energy security:
• Energy efficiency measures can improve the reliability of a local electric system by lowering peak demand and
reducing the need for additional generation.
• District energy (DE) and combined heat and power (CHP) improve energy security by generating electricity, heating,
and cooling locally, thus taxing the electric grid less.
• Renewable energy, especially solar PV, helps flatten the demand on the electric grid.
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Arlington, Virginia, SCEP
The full Arlington Community Energy Plan is available online.
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Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan
The idea for Portland’s Lloyd EcoDistrict emerged in 2009. Their vision is “to be the most sustainable neighborhood in
North America.” In 2014, they created the Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan (EAP) with the vision of no net increase
in energy use in Lloyd over the next 20 years. The district consumes approximately 975,000 million BTUs of energy
annually based on 11.5 million square feet of existing buildings, and the objective is to not exceed this energy use even
though an additional 22 million square feet of new building is planned over the next 25 years.
Cacophony: CC BY SA 2.5 via Wikimedia
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Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan
The action plan is a short-term plan of 15 projects to be undertaken in five years. It is a comprehensive energy efficiency
implementation plan focused on achieving EcoDistrict goals and building EcoDistrict value while stimulating local
economic development in the Lloyd EcoDistrict and the City of Portland.
The objective of the plan is to identify implementable actions to help achieve the “no net increase energy goal of the
Lloyd EcoDistrict by 2035.”
The actions focus on reducing energy use in existing buildings, which will be upgraded to reduce energy use by 33%,
and the creation of energy with renewable energy sources. On-site and off-site renewable energy systems will generate
energy equivalent to 20% of EcoDistrict energy use.
All new buildings in the Lloyd EcoDistrict will align with the City of Portland’s green building policy that targets new
building energy efficiency at 15% below projected Oregon energy code.
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Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan
The five-year goal is to reduce energy usage by 10%.
This goal is supported by four key strategies:
1. New building energy efficiency: All new building
energy use will align with Portland green building
policy.
2. Existing building energy efficiency: Existing building
energy use will be reduced by 33%.
3. Renewable energy: 300,000 square feet of solar PV
will be installed.
4. District energy: Produce 10% of the total energy
used within the City/Multnomah County from on-site
renewable sources and clean district energy systems
by 2030.
The strategies are supported by very specific projects for
a number of key buildings (adjacent list), and each
project has its own agenda, priorities, targets, etc.
ECODISTRICT PROJECTS
Action #1 - New Building EUI (Energy Use Intensity)
Action #2 - Lloyd 700 Building
Action #3 - Legacy Research Institute
Action #4 - Oregon Convention Center (OCC)
Action #5 - East West College
Action #6 - Calaroga Terrace
Action #7 - Red Lion Inn
Action #8 - OCC Solar PV
Action #9 - Additional Solar PV
Action #10 - OCC / Convention Center Hotel District Energy
Excerpt from the Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan
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Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan
The plan also contains five catalyst actions that are designed to further
accelerate energy efficiency efforts across the district.
These catalyzers are a mix of demonstration pilot projects to provide proof-
of-concept tests of EcoDistrict-scale project delivery, and information-
sharing efforts between EcoDistrict members to provide education and
knowledge as well as to monitor and track progress toward goals.
These projects, as noted in the plan, are listed to the right.
CATALYST ACTIONS
Action #11 - Energy Efficiency Working Group
Action #12 - Existing Building Energy Protocol
Action #13 - Energy Benchmarking & Monitoring
Action #14 - Bulk Purchase Demonstration Pilot
Action #15 - Preferred Solar Provider
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Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan
One Goal, Five Years, Fifteen Actions, the full
Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan, is
available online. In addition, an update to the
plan is available.
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Saint Lucia Transition to Renewable Energy
Saint Lucia’s electricity, like that of many Caribbean countries,
is currently generated almost exclusively from imported diesel
fuel, leaving it vulnerable to a costly and volatile energy source.
As excerpted from the report by RMI, their energy consultants:
In 2016, Saint Lucia Electricity Services Limited (LUCELEC)
and the Government of Saint Lucia together developed the
national energy transition strategy (NETS). The NETS is an
energy transition action plan informed by independent,
technical analysis that paves the road for a sustainable,
reliable, cost-effective, and equitable electricity sector using
the island’s local resources. This process, independent of
any particular technology, yielded a detailed 20-year
strategy as well as a suite of optimal near-term projects.
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Saint Lucia Transition to Renewable Energy
The report also states that:
The three primary goals of the NETS, listed in order of importance as
agreed on by LUCELEC and the Government of Saint Lucia, were to:
• maintain or improve reliability
• improve cost containment, and
• increase energy independence (including environmental
protection).
Based on the goals, the most important questions were:
1. Would electricity generation from any portfolios of new generation
assets in Saint Lucia be more cost-effective than current diesel
generation?
2. What resource combination provides the best value to the people of
Saint Lucia?
3. What are the impacts on rates?
4. Who should own any new assets?
5. Are there alternative regulations that can create new economic
opportunities?
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Saint Lucia Transition to Renewable Energy
To inform the NETS, the parties created an integrated resource
plan (IRP). IRPs assess supply-side and demand-side options
and select a set of resources that meet expected electrical
demands in the most cost-effective manner.
Following data gathering and baseline setting, the NETS then
implemented this analysis process:
• generation and collection of ideas
• development of initial scenarios
• refinement and down-selection of scenarios, and
• deep investigation on final scenarios.
The process also included load forecasting, demand- and
supply-side modelling, energy optimization, load transmission
studies, and the development of a utility business model.
KEY FINDINGS OF THE NETS INCLUDE:
• The least-cost portfolio investments would
reduce diesel expenditures by 42% and
carbon emissions by 40% by the year 2025.
Alternative optimal scenarios further reduce
imported fossil fuels by including geothermal
energy if secured at the right power purchase
agreement (PPA) price point.
• Existing diesel generation should continue to
play a role to meet reserve requirements and
maintain system reliability.
• A higher degree of utility ownership leads to
lower customer rates, and
• Energy efficiency is a low-cost resource and
the optimal route to minimize system costs
once enabling policy is in place.
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Saint Lucia Transition to Renewable Energy
The project analysis concluded:
The scenario offering the greatest economic benefit to Saint Lucia consists of up
to 31 MW of solar photovoltaics,12 MW of wind capacity (owned by LUCELEC),
14 MWh of storage (providing a maximum of 42 MW of instantaneous power),
and energy efficiency displacing 11% of the load by 2025. Because geothermal
development is in a preliminary stage, it is too early to definitively conclude
whether geothermal plays a role in the least-cost optimal scenario.
The scenario includes an energy efficiency program targeting lighting,
refrigeration, air conditioning, and water heating (to save 0.5% per year, growing
to 11% of annual sales by 2024) and existing diesel generators for flexibility
(with no need to replace three diesel generators slated for retirement by 2019).
This is the least-cost portfolio, and achieves approximately 40% renewable energy penetration. Adding a geothermal
plant of 30 MW presents savings compared to the continued use of diesel fuel, and offers the potential to reach over
75% renewable energy penetration by 2025. Due to the falling prices of these technologies, NETS recommended
LUCELEC pursue solar PV and storage in its five-year plan, regardless of the outcome of geothermal exploration.
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Saint Lucia Transition to Renewable Energy
Project results and findings were also reported:
• Opportunities were identified to improve the Saint Lucia electricity supply while reducing the total operating cost.
• Energy efficiency and energy storage would play an increasing role in the evolving grid because solar and wind are
unpredictable.
• Energy efficiency is the cheapest route to a least-cost solution and is competitive with diesel at almost all feasible oil
prices, competing at costs as low as $5 per barrel.
• Investments in alternative generation also have additional benefits such as climate change mitigation.
• LUCELEC will remain financially viable once the energy transition business model is adopted.
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Saint Lucia Transition to Renewable Energy
RMI published this case study for Developing the
Saint Lucia Energy Road Map.
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Honolulu District Cooling
Honolulu, Hawaii, is planning to create a 25,000-ton (12.5 million square feet of air conditioned area), seawater-based air
conditioning district cooling system for downtown commercial and residential properties.
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Honolulu Seawater Air Conditioning (HSWAC): How It Will Work
HSWAC documents are quoted here to describe a typical system as follows:
1. Cold (44°F–45°F), deep seawater from more than 1,700 feet below sea level is pumped through an intake
pipeline located more than four miles off the Kakaako shoreline to a cooling station on shore.
2. The cold seawater is passed through a heat exchanger at the cooling station, which transfers the coldness or
coolth to freshwater that circulates in a closed loop pipeline system (district cooling). This chilled water (air
conditioning service) is then provided to customer buildings. The heat exchangers ensure that seawater and
the freshwater delivered to the buildings never mix. Chillers in the cooling station supplement the cooling
provided by the cold water to maintain a consistent 44°F for the chilled water distributed to customers’
buildings.
3. The chilled freshwater is provided to customer buildings through underground pipes that are connected to
each building’s existing chilled water air conditioning system.
4. The slightly warmed seawater is returned in an environmentally safe manner back to the ocean and released
through a diffuser located at a depth of 120 to 150 feet.
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Honolulu District Cooling: What It Will Accomplish
The system will:
• reduce Hawaii’s dependency on imported oil* and
conserve up to 178,000 barrels of oil/year
• save more than 77 million kWh/year
• minimize greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding
approximately 84,000 tons of carbon dioxide/year (this
equals emissions from 15,000 cars)
• decrease potable water usage by more than 260
million gallons/year
• cut down sewage discharge by up to 84 million
gallons/year
• reduce building operating costs, and
• when installed, allow the concrete anchor collars on
the submerged pipe to provide a habitat for coral and
fish.
*Reducing the reliance on imported oil is especially important for islands such
as Hawaii and Saint Lucia, since it reduces their vulnerability to international
politics, availability of supply, delivery interruptions, price spikes, etc.
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Seawater (or Lakewater) Cooling
Below is a list of other places where a similar technology has been implemented at the building or district scale. Note
how this technology is being employed in nordic, temperate, and tropical weather contexts. It can be employed at both
district and building scales.
• Cornell University
• Kona, Hawaii
• Stockholm, Sweden
• Amsterdam, Netherlands
• Toronto, Ontario
• Halifax, Nova Scotia
• Hong Kong
• Bora Bora and Tetiaroa, French Polynesia
• Hamina, Finland
• Copenhagen, Denmark
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Babcock Ranch, Florida
Babcock Ranch is a new town being designed for an
eventual population of 50,000 Florida residents that
has been billed as the first solar-powered town in
America.
Their 440-acre solar energy center, which is north of
the town itself, can generate 74.5 megawatts of solar
electricity. The land for the energy center was
donated by the development, but it is now owned by
the utility, Florida Power and Light (FPL). It
incorporates over 300,000 solar panels and will
provide power to the entire town of Babcock and
surrounding areas. It is expected to generate more
renewable energy than the new town will ever
consume.
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Babcock Ranch, Florida
A single, large-scale array such as this is very different
from the approaches used in Vauban, Germany,
(illustrated earlier) where residential buildings were all
aligned to face south to support rooftop PV arrays, and
the Drake Landing solar community, which generates
solar heat on south-facing rooftops for storage
underground.
These examples demonstrate that each approach for
renewables must be designed to suit its own context.
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Babcock Ranch, Florida
Additional PV panels are intended to be installed on commercial
rooftops, and residents are free to add further solar technologies
to their own homes.
All of the 18,000 residences, of which 1,000 have been
completed as of the end of 2017, must acquire a bronze standard
of certification or higher from the Florida Green Building
Coalition.
Solar energy is just one aspect of the overall Babcock
sustainable community plan, which addresses a comprehensive
range of issues including land use and preservation, green
infrastructure, energy conservation, food production,
transportation, and water usage.
Kitson and Partners: CC BY SA 2.0 via Flickr
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RECAP: Communities around the world are developing SCEP to suit their specific context. While plans vary in
response to this context, there are a number of shared principles upon which they are based. One is that
improving energy efficiency is key to every approach.
REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review questions.
❑ Using these plans and the examples in the previous chapter for inspiration, what do you feel would be the
key elements for SCEP in your area?
❑ Are there a number of inefficient buildings? Is there a good wind regime? Is there good annual solar
access? Is the community currently aware of the cost of energy and the renewable energy options? Are
there any specific renewable options that are unique to your community? What might be the economic
benefits?.
?
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Summary and Resources
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Summary
The creation, distribution, and consumption of electrical energy is transitioning towards the establishment of more
resilient, efficient, and sustainable; cleaner; and lower-cost energy systems. Community energy stakeholders and
planners can benefit greatly by following these global trends in the planning of local systems. Concerns about the
changing climate are driving much of this transition, and the accelerated deployment of renewable energy and energy
efficiency measures are the key elements of the energy transition needed to address this issue.
Renewable energy sources are now often lower in cost than traditional oil-based sources, and the distribution methods
at the project, community, state, and national levels have all become more efficient, smarter, and capable of merging
energy from multiple sources simultaneously. In addition, local creation of energy from an increasingly diverse range of
renewable sources has become more and more viable, and it is now feasible for projects and communities to become
energy self-sufficient and less vulnerable to the negative attributes of imported energy sources.
Buildings, which are the major consumers of energy in many communities, are increasingly being renovated or built to
standards that lower energy needs significantly; consumers are becoming more and more aware of the lower operating
costs and greater health benefits resulting from improved construction techniques. The costs of such upgrades are also
falling, and there are many financial tools and incentives that can negate whatever cost increases might be incurred.
Buildings have, in fact, advanced to the point where they can now produce their own energy and in some cases, energy
for others.
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Summary
Other sectors of community operations are also in transition, and these parallel transitions create new energy needs and
profiles. Automobiles in particular are soon expected to be predominately electric, and this suggests that there will be a
need for a new car-charging network as well as increased amounts of electric energy devoted to cars. Car usage is also
changing with the evolution of shared cars and the rise in online shopping; this changes individual daily trip patterns.
As all sectors have an impact on energy usage, it is critical that sustainable energy planning be done in a
multistakeholder manner (the IDP) that integrates representation from each one in order that synergies between the
lowering demands in one sector and the rising demands in another be realized and leveraged. The IDP can also identify
the opportunities to utilize previously overlooked energy sources in the earth, water, sky, and waste streams and to
create more efficient and cost-effective integrated systems such as cogeneration district systems at the project,
neighborhood, and community scales.
There are now a number of models and guides for such design approaches and a comprehensive range of projects that
have embraced the transition, and both can be used to inform local planning. Combining the most effective process with
the most effective energy supply and distribution approaches leads to a sustainable energy future.
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Resources
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Resources
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Resources
• Fares, Robert. “The Price of Solar Is Declining to Unprecedented Lows.” Scientific American, August 2016, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/the-price-of-solar-is-
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Resources
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Resources
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